We have the following indirect implication of form equivalence classes:

172 \(\Rightarrow\) 38
given by the following sequence of implications, with a reference to its direct proof:

Implication Reference
172 \(\Rightarrow\) 34 On hereditarily countable sets, Jech, T. 1982, J. Symbolic Logic
34 \(\Rightarrow\) 38 The Axiom of Choice, Jech, [1973b]

Here are the links and statements of the form equivalence classes referenced above:

Howard-Rubin Number Statement
172:

For every infinite set \(S\), if \(S\) is hereditarily countable  (that is, every \(y\in TC(S)\) is countable) then \(|TC(S)|= \aleph_{0}\).

34:

\(\aleph_{1}\) is regular.

38:

\({\Bbb R}\) is not the union of a countable family of countable sets.

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