We have the following indirect implication of form equivalence classes:
| Implication | Reference |
|---|---|
| 2 \(\Rightarrow\) 3 |
On successors in cardinal arithmetic, Truss, J. K. 1973c, Fund. Math. |
| 3 \(\Rightarrow\) 9 |
Cardinal addition and the axiom of choice, Howard, P. 1974, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. |
| 9 \(\Rightarrow\) 64 |
The independence of various definitions of finiteness, Levy, A. 1958, Fund. Math. clear |
| 64 \(\Rightarrow\) 390 | clear |
Here are the links and statements of the form equivalence classes referenced above:
| Howard-Rubin Number | Statement |
|---|---|
| 2: | Existence of successor cardinals: For every cardinal \(m\) there is a cardinal \(n\) such that \(m < n\) and \((\forall p < n)(p \le m)\). |
| 3: | \(2m = m\): For all infinite cardinals \(m\), \(2m = m\). |
| 9: | Finite \(\Leftrightarrow\) Dedekind finite: \(W_{\aleph_{0}}\) Jech [1973b]: \(E(I,IV)\) Howard/Yorke [1989]): Every Dedekind finite set is finite. |
| 64: | \(E(I,Ia)\) There are no amorphous sets. (Equivalently, every infinite set is the union of two disjoint infinite sets.) |
| 390: | Every infinite set can be partitioned either into two infinite sets or infinitely many sets, each of which has at least two elements. Ash [1983]. |
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