Fraenkel \(\cal N2\): The Second Fraenkel Model | Back to this models page
Description: The set of atoms \(A=\{a_i : i\in\omega\}\) is partitioned into two element sets \(B =\{\{a_{2i},a_{2i+1}\} : i\in\omega\}\). \(\mathcal G \) is the group of all permutations of \( A \) that leave \( B \) pointwise fixed and \( S \) is the set of all finite subsets of \( A \).
When the book was first being written, only the following form classes were known to be true in this model:
Form Howard-Rubin Number | Statement |
---|---|
6 | \(UT(\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\Bbb R)\): The union of a denumerable family of denumerable subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) is denumerable. |
37 | Lebesgue measure is countably additive. |
65 | The Krein-Milman Theorem: Let \(K\) be a compact convex set in a locally convex topological vector space \(X\). Then \(K\) has an extreme point. (An extreme point is a point which is not an interior point of any line segment which lies in \(K\).) Rubin, H./Rubin, J. [1985] p. 177. |
67 | \(MC(\infty,\infty)\) \((MC)\), The Axiom of Multiple Choice: For every set \(M\) of non-empty sets there is a function \(f\) such that \((\forall x\in M)(\emptyset\neq f(x)\subseteq x\) and \(f(x)\) is finite). |
83 | \(E(I,II)\) Howard/Yorke [1989]: \(T\)-finite is equivalent to finite. |
99 | Rado's Selection Lemma: Let \(\{K(\lambda): \lambda \in\Lambda\}\) be a family of finite subsets (of \(X\)) and suppose for each finite \(S\subseteq\Lambda\) there is a function \(\gamma(S): S \rightarrow X\) such that \((\forall\lambda\in S)(\gamma(S)(\lambda)\in K(\lambda))\). Then there is an \(f: \Lambda\rightarrow X\) such that for every finite \(S\subseteq\Lambda\) there is a finite \(T\) such that \(S\subseteq T\subseteq\Lambda\) and such that \(f\) and \(\gamma (T)\) agree on S. |
130 | \({\cal P}(\Bbb R)\) is well orderable. |
163 | Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite, Dedekind finite subset. |
191 | \(SVC\): There is a set \(S\) such that for every set \(a\), there is an ordinal \(\alpha\) and a function from \(S\times\alpha\) onto \(a\). |
273 | There is a subset of \({\Bbb R}\) which is not Borel. |
305 | There are \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Vitali equivalence classes. (Vitali equivalence classes are equivalence classes of the real numbers under the relation \(x\equiv y\leftrightarrow(\exists q\in{\Bbb Q})(x-y=q)\).). \ac{Kanovei} \cite{1991}. |
313 | \(\Bbb Z\) (the set of integers under addition) is amenable. (\(G\) is {\it amenable} if there is a finitely additive measure \(\mu\) on \(\cal P(G)\) such that \(\mu(G) = 1\) and \(\forall A\subseteq G, \forall g\in G\), \(\mu(gA)=\mu(A)\).) |
334 | \(MC(\infty,\infty,\hbox{ even})\): For every set \(X\) of sets such that for all \(x\in X\), \(|x|\ge 2\), there is a function \(f\) such that for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\) and \(|f(x)|\) is even. |
361 | In \(\Bbb R\), the union of a denumerable number of analytic sets is analytic. G. Moore [1982], pp 181 and 325. |
363 | There are exactly \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Borel sets in \(\Bbb R\). G. Moore [1982], p 325. |
When the book was first being written, only the following form classes were known to be false in this model:
Form Howard-Rubin Number | Statement |
---|---|
18 | \(PUT(\aleph_{0},2,\aleph_{0})\): The union of a denumerable family of pairwise disjoint pairs has a denumerable subset. |
45-n | If \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(\infty,n)\): Every set of \(n\)-element sets has a choice function. |
80 | \(C(\aleph_{0},2)\): Every denumerable set of pairs has a choice function. |
98 | The set of all finite subsets of a Dedekind finite set is Dedekind finite. Jech [1973b] p 161 prob 11.5. |
128 | Aczel's Realization Principle: On every infinite set there is a Hausdorff topology with an infinite set of non-isolated points. |
154 | Tychonoff's Compactness Theorem for Countably Many \(T_2\) Spaces: The product of countably many \(T_2\) compact spaces is compact. |
163 | Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite, Dedekind finite subset. |
164 | Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite subset with a Dedekind finite power set. |
198 | For every set \(S\), if the only linearly orderable subsets of \(S\) are the finite subsets of \(S\), then either \(S\) is finite or \(S\) has an amorphous subset. |
216 | Every infinite tree has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. |
341 | Every Lindelöf metric space is second countable. |
344 | If \((E_i)_{i\in I}\) is a family of non-empty sets, then there is a family \((U_i)_{i\in I}\) such that \(\forall i\in I\), \(U_i\) is an ultrafilter on \(E_i\). |
358 | \(KW(\aleph_0,<\aleph_0)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a denumerable family of finite sets: For every denumerable set \(M\) of finite sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\). |
388 | Every infinite branching poset (a partially ordered set in which each element has at least two lower bounds) has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. |
Historical background:
In \(\mathcal N2\), MC (67) is true. (In fact, \(MC(\infty,\infty,\hbox{ even})\) (334) is true. See Note 93.) However, the set \(B\) is a denumerable set of pairs that has no choice function (\( C(\aleph_0, 2)\),Form 80 is false) and has no Kinna-Wagner selection function (\(KW(\aleph_0,<\aleph_0)\),Form 358, is false). \(A\) is infinite,but has no countably infinite subset (9 is false); \(B\) does have a countably infinite subset (98 is false), but \(\bigcup B\) does not (18 is false); the Hahn-Banach Theorem (52) and the Krein-Milman Theorem (65) are true, but the Boolean Prime Ideal Theorem (14) is false.
It also follows from results of Brunner [1984b] that in \(\mathcal N2\), there is a compact \(T_2\) topological space \(X\) such that \(X^{\omega}\) is not compact, thus 154 is false. (See Note 95.) Brunner [1982a] shows that in this model every set that cannot be well ordered has an infinite Dedekind finite subset (163 is true). Howard proves that Rado's Selection Lemma (99) is true. Hickman proves that the only subsets of \(A\) that can be linearly ordered are finite, but \(A\) has no amorphous subset (198 is false). However, no infinite set in this model is \(T\) finite (83 is true). (See Note 105.) The set of all \(n\)-element subsets of \(A\) has no choice function for each \(n\ge 2\) (45(\(n\)) is false).
Since 106 (the Baire Category Theorem for compact Hausdorff spaces) is true (67 implies 106) and 43 (Dependent Choices) is false (43 implies 18), it follows that the Tychonoff Theorem for countably many \(T_2\) spaces(154) is false because it is shown in Brunner [1983c] that 106 +154 implies 43. Form 130 (\(\mathcal P(\mathbb R)\) is well orderable.) is true in every FM model, 18 is false in \(\mathcal N2\), and Brunner [1984f] has shown that 130 + 128 (On every infinite set there is a \(T_2\) topology with an infinite set of non-isolated points.) implies 18. Thus, 128 must be false in \(\mathcal N2\). Keremedis [1999a] has shown that 216(Every infinite tree has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain.) and 388 (Every infinite branching poset (a partially ordered set in which each element has at least two lower bounds) has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain.) are both false in \(\mathcal N2\).It is shown in De la Cruz, Hall, Howard, Keremedis, Rubin [2002a] that 341, Every Lindel\"of metric space is separable, is false in this model.
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