Fraenkel \(\cal N18\): Howard's Model I | Back to this models page

Description: Let \(B= {B_n: n\in\omega}\) where the \(B_n\)'sare pairwise disjoint and each is countably infinite and let \(A=\bigcup B\)

When the book was first being written, only the following form classes were known to be true in this model:

Form Howard-Rubin Number Statement
6

\(UT(\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\Bbb R)\): The union of a denumerable  family  of denumerable subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) is denumerable.

32

\(C(\aleph_0,\le\aleph_0)\): Every denumerable set of non-empty countable sets  has a choice function.

37

Lebesgue measure is countably additive.

91

\(PW\):  The power set of a well ordered set can be well ordered.

130

\({\cal P}(\Bbb R)\) is well orderable.

144

Every set is almost well orderable.

191

\(SVC\): There is a set \(S\) such that for every set \(a\), there is an ordinal \(\alpha\) and a function from \(S\times\alpha\) onto \(a\).

273

There is a subset of \({\Bbb R}\) which is not Borel.

305

There are \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Vitali equivalence classes. (Vitali equivalence classes are equivalence classes of the real numbers under the relation \(x\equiv y\leftrightarrow(\exists q\in{\Bbb Q})(x-y=q)\).). \ac{Kanovei} \cite{1991}.

309

The Banach-Tarski Paradox: There are three finite partitions \(\{P_1,\ldots\), \(P_n\}\), \(\{Q_1,\ldots,Q_r\}\) and \(\{S_1,\ldots,S_n, T_1,\ldots,T_r\}\) of \(B^3 = \{x\in {\Bbb R}^3 : |x| \le 1\}\) such that \(P_i\) is congruent to \(S_i\) for \(1\le i\le n\) and \(Q_i\) is congruent to \(T_i\) for \(1\le i\le r\).

313

\(\Bbb Z\) (the set of integers under addition) is amenable.  (\(G\) is {\it amenable} if there is a finitely additive measure \(\mu\) on \(\cal P(G)\) such that \(\mu(G) = 1\) and \(\forall A\subseteq G, \forall g\in G\), \(\mu(gA)=\mu(A)\).)

361

In \(\Bbb R\), the union of a denumerable number of analytic sets is analytic. G. Moore [1982], pp 181 and 325.

363

There are exactly \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Borel sets in \(\Bbb R\). G. Moore [1982], p 325.

368

The set of all denumerable subsets of \(\Bbb R\) has power \(2^{\aleph_0}\).

369

If \(\Bbb R\) is partitioned into two sets, at least one of them has cardinality \(2^{\aleph_0}\).

When the book was first being written, only the following form classes were known to be false in this model:

Form Howard-Rubin Number Statement
15

\(KW(\infty,\infty)\) (KW), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle: For every  set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\). (See Form 81(\(n\)).  

31

\(UT(\aleph_{0},\aleph_{0},\aleph_{0})\): The countable union theorem:  The union of a denumerable set of denumerable sets is denumerable.

62

\(C(\infty,< \aleph_{0})\):  Every set of non-empty finite  sets  has  a choice function.

131

\(MC_\omega(\aleph_0,\infty)\): For every denumerable family \(X\) of pairwise disjoint non-empty sets, there is a function \(f\) such that for each \(x\in X\), f(x) is a non-empty countable subset of \(x\).

163

Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite, Dedekind finite subset.

165

\(C(WO,WO)\):  Every well ordered family of non-empty, well orderable sets has a choice function.

231

\(UT(WO,WO,WO)\): The union of a well ordered collection of well orderable sets is well orderable.

323

\(KW(\infty,WO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a family of well orderable sets: For every set \(M\) of well orderable sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).  (See Form 15.)

341

Every Lindelöf metric space is second countable.

344

If \((E_i)_{i\in I}\) is a family of non-empty sets, then there is a family \((U_i)_{i\in I}\) such that \(\forall i\in I\), \(U_i\) is an ultrafilter on \(E_i\).

Historical background: For each \(n\in\omega\), let \(F_n\) be a non-principal ultrafilter in\(\cal P(B_n)\) and let \(I_n\) be the corresponding non-principal maximalideal. \(\cal G\) is the set of all permutations \(\sigma\) of \(A\) such that\item{1.} \(\sigma(B_n) = B_n\), for each \(n\in\omega\).\item{2.} For each \(n\in\omega\) there is a \(u\in F_n\) such that \(\sigma\)fixes \(u\) pointwise.\par\noindent\(S\) is the set of all sets of the form \(C \cup \bigcup_{n\in\omega}g(n)\)where \(C\) is a finite union of the \(B_n\)'s and \(g:\omega \to \cal P(A)\)satisfies \(g(n) \in I_n\) for each \(n\in\omega\). In \(\cal N18\), \(\{B_n:n\in\omega\}\) is a denumerable collection of denumerable sets whose unionis not denumerable (31 is false), but AC for a denumerable number ofdenumerable sets ([32 A]) is true. Form 23(\((\forall\alpha)UT(\aleph_\alpha,\aleph_\alpha,\aleph_\alpha)\)) is falsebecause 23 implies 31. Since 231 (\(UT(WO, WO, WO)\) implies 23 in every FMmodel, it follows that 231 is false. In Note 155 we show that ``every setis almost well orderable'' (form 144) is true.\parIt is shown in De la Cruz, Hall, Howard, Keremedis, Rubin [2002a] that 341, Every Lindel\"of metric space is separable, isfalse in this model.

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