Fraenkel \(\cal N3\): Mostowski's Linearly Ordered Model | Back to this models page

Description: \(A\) is countably infinite;\(\precsim\) is a dense linear ordering on \(A\) without first or lastelements (\((A,\precsim) \cong (\Bbb Q,\le)\)); \(\cal G\) is the group of allorder automorphisms on \((A,\precsim)\); and \(S\) is the set of all finitesubsets of \(A\)

When the book was first being written, only the following form classes were known to be true in this model:

Form Howard-Rubin Number Statement
6

\(UT(\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\Bbb R)\): The union of a denumerable  family  of denumerable subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) is denumerable.

14

BPI: Every Boolean algebra has a prime ideal.

16

\(C(\aleph_{0},\le 2^{\aleph_{0}})\):  Every denumerable collection of non-empty sets  each with power \(\le  2^{\aleph_{0}}\) has a choice function.

23

\((\forall \alpha)(UT(\aleph_{\alpha},\aleph_{\alpha}, \aleph_{\alpha}))\): For every ordinal \(\alpha\), if \(A\) and every member of \(A\) has cardinality \(\aleph_{\alpha}\), then \(|\bigcup A| = \aleph _{\alpha }\).

24

\(C(\aleph_0,2^{(2^{\aleph_0})})\): Every denumerable collection of non-empty sets each with power \(2^{(2^{\aleph_{0}})}\) has a choice function.

31

\(UT(\aleph_{0},\aleph_{0},\aleph_{0})\): The countable union theorem:  The union of a denumerable set of denumerable sets is denumerable.

37

Lebesgue measure is countably additive.

60

\(C(\infty,WO)\): Every set of non-empty, well orderable sets has a choice function.
Moore, G. [1982], p 125.

83

\(E(I,II)\) Howard/Yorke [1989]: \(T\)-finite is equivalent to finite.

91

\(PW\):  The power set of a well ordered set can be well ordered.

128

Aczel's Realization Principle: On every infinite set there is a Hausdorff topology with an infinite set of non-isolated points.

130

\({\cal P}(\Bbb R)\) is well orderable.

164

Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite subset with a Dedekind finite power set.

165

\(C(WO,WO)\):  Every well ordered family of non-empty, well orderable sets has a choice function.

191

\(SVC\): There is a set \(S\) such that for every set \(a\), there is an ordinal \(\alpha\) and a function from \(S\times\alpha\) onto \(a\).

273

There is a subset of \({\Bbb R}\) which is not Borel.

305

There are \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Vitali equivalence classes. (Vitali equivalence classes are equivalence classes of the real numbers under the relation \(x\equiv y\leftrightarrow(\exists q\in{\Bbb Q})(x-y=q)\).). \ac{Kanovei} \cite{1991}.

309

The Banach-Tarski Paradox: There are three finite partitions \(\{P_1,\ldots\), \(P_n\}\), \(\{Q_1,\ldots,Q_r\}\) and \(\{S_1,\ldots,S_n, T_1,\ldots,T_r\}\) of \(B^3 = \{x\in {\Bbb R}^3 : |x| \le 1\}\) such that \(P_i\) is congruent to \(S_i\) for \(1\le i\le n\) and \(Q_i\) is congruent to \(T_i\) for \(1\le i\le r\).

313

\(\Bbb Z\) (the set of integers under addition) is amenable.  (\(G\) is {\it amenable} if there is a finitely additive measure \(\mu\) on \(\cal P(G)\) such that \(\mu(G) = 1\) and \(\forall A\subseteq G, \forall g\in G\), \(\mu(gA)=\mu(A)\).)

317

Weak Sikorski Theorem:  If \(B\) is a complete, well orderable Boolean algebra and \(f\) is a homomorphism of the Boolean algebra \(A'\) into \(B\) where \(A'\) is a subalgebra of the Boolean algebra \(A\), then \(f\) can be extended to a homomorphism of \(A\) into \(B\).

325

Ramsey's Theorem II: \(\forall n,m\in\omega\), if A is an infinite set and the family of all \(m\) element subsets of \(A\) is partitioned into \(n\) sets \(S_{j}, 1\le j\le n\), then there is an infinite subset \(B\subseteq A\) such that all \(m\) element subsets of \(B\) belong to the same \(S_{j}\). (Also, see Form 17.)

361

In \(\Bbb R\), the union of a denumerable number of analytic sets is analytic. G. Moore [1982], pp 181 and 325.

363

There are exactly \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Borel sets in \(\Bbb R\). G. Moore [1982], p 325.

368

The set of all denumerable subsets of \(\Bbb R\) has power \(2^{\aleph_0}\).

369

If \(\Bbb R\) is partitioned into two sets, at least one of them has cardinality \(2^{\aleph_0}\).

379

\(PKW(\infty,\infty,\infty)\): For every infinite family \(X\) of sets each of which has at least two elements, there is an infinite subfamily \(Y\) of \(X\) and a function \(f\) such that for all \(y\in Y\), \(f(y)\) is a non-empty proper subset of \(y\).

381

DUM:  The disjoint union of metrizable spaces is metrizable.

When the book was first being written, only the following form classes were known to be false in this model:

Form Howard-Rubin Number Statement
15

\(KW(\infty,\infty)\) (KW), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle: For every  set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\). (See Form 81(\(n\)).  

84

\(E(II,III)\) (Howard/Yorke [1989]): \((\forall x)(x\) is \(T\)-finite  if and only if \(\cal P(x)\) is Dedekind finite).

90

\(LW\):  Every linearly ordered set can be well ordered. Jech [1973b], p 133.

97

Cardinal Representatives: For every set \(A\) there is a function \(c\) with domain \({\cal P}(A)\) such that for all \(x, y\in {\cal P}(A)\), (i) \(c(x) = c(y) \leftrightarrow x\approx y\) and (ii) \(c(x)\approx x\).  Jech [1973b] p 154.

106

Baire Category Theorem for Compact Hausdorff Spaces: Every compact Hausdorff space is Baire.

118

Every linearly orderable topological space is normal.  Birkhoff [1967], p 241.

125

There does not exist an infinite, compact connected \(p\) space. (A \(p\) space is a \(T_2\) space in which the intersection of any well orderable family of open sets is open.)

126

\(MC(\aleph_0,\infty)\), Countable axiom of multiple choice: For every denumerable set \(X\) of non-empty sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(y\in X\), \(f(y)\) is a non-empty finite subset of \(y\).

131

\(MC_\omega(\aleph_0,\infty)\): For every denumerable family \(X\) of pairwise disjoint non-empty sets, there is a function \(f\) such that for each \(x\in X\), f(x) is a non-empty countable subset of \(x\).

147

\(A(D2)\):  Every \(T_2\) topological space \((X,T)\) can be covered by a well ordered family of discrete sets.

155  \(LC\): There are no non-trivial Läuchli continua. (A Läuchli continuum is a strongly connected continuum. Continuum \(\equiv\) compact, connected, Hausdorff space; and strongly connected \(\equiv\) every continuous real valued function is constant.)

156

Theorem of Gelfand and Kolmogoroff: Two compact \(T_2\) spaces are  homeomorphic if their rings of real valued continuous functions are isomorphic.

157

Theorem of Goodner: A compact \(T_{2}\) space is extremally disconnected (the closure of every open set is open) if and only if each non-empty subset of \(C(X)\) (set of continuous real valued functions on \(X\)) which is pointwise bounded has a supremum.

200

For all infinite \(x\), \(|2^{x}| = |x!|\).

253

\L o\'s' Theorem: If \(M=\langle A,R_j\rangle_{j\in J}\) is a relational system, \(X\) any set and \({\cal F}\) an ultrafilter in \({\cal P}(X)\), then \(M\) and \(M^{X}/{\cal F}\) are elementarily equivalent.

290

For all infinite \(x\), \(|2^x|=|x^x|\).

295

DO:  Every infinite set has a dense linear ordering.

296

Part-\(\infty\): Every infinite set is the disjoint union of infinitely many infinite sets.

304

There does not exist a \(T_2\) topological space \(X\) such that every infinite subset of \(X\) contains an infinite compact subset.

355

\(KW(\aleph_0,\infty)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a denumerable family of sets: For every denumerable set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

376

Restricted Kinna Wagner Principle:  For every infinite set \(X\) there is an infinite subset \(Y\) of \(X\) and a function \(f\) such that for every \(z\subseteq Y\), if \(|z| \ge 2\) then \(f(z)\) is a non-empty proper subset of \(z\).

Historical background: In \(\cal N3\), PW (91) is true, but LW (90) is false. Theset \(A\) is infinite, but neither \(A\) nor \(\cal P(A)\) have a countablyinfinite subset (9 and 82 are false); every \(T\) finite set is finite (83is true); \(A\) is not \(T\) finite, but \(\cal P(A)\) is Dedekind finite (84 isfalse); every set can be linearly ordered (30 is true); the Boolean PrimeIdeal Theorem (14) is true; AC for a family of well orderable sets (60) istrue; the Cardinal Representative Theorem (97) is false; and the Bairecategory theorem for compact Hausdorff spaces (106) is false. Also,\(MC_\omega(\aleph_0,infty)\) (131) is false because if \(F_n\) is the set ofall \(n\)-element subsets of \(A\), then \(\{F_n: n\in\omega\}\) has nocountable multiple choice function.\parIt is shown in Note 88 that the Countable Union Theorem (31) is true. Form23 is true because 60 implies \(UT(WO,WO,WO)\) (231) and, in every FM model,231 implies \((\forall\alpha)UT(\aleph_{\alpha},\aleph_{\alpha},\aleph_{\alpha})\) (23). Brunner [1984c] has shown that there does exist an infinite connected compactP-space (125 is false) and in Brunner [1982a] it is shown thatevery infinite set that cannot be well ordered has an infinite subset witha Dedekind finite power set (164 is true). In Brunner [1983a] itis shown that in \(\cal N3\) there is a non-trivial L\"auchli continuum (155is false), there are two compact \(T_2\) spaces which have isomorphic ringsof real valued continuous functions, but are not homeomorphic (156 isfalse), and there is a compact \(T_2\), space, \(X\), with the property thatevery non-empty subset of \(C(X)\) (the set of continuous real valuedfunctions on \(X\)) which is point-wise bounded has a supremum, but \(X\) isnot extremely disconnected (the closure of every open set is open) (157 isfalse). In Brunner [1983d] it is shown that if \(a,b\in A\),\(a\prec b\), then the closed interval \([a,b]\) is a compact \(T_2\) space thatcannot be covered by a well ordered set of discrete sets (147 is false).Dawson/Howard show that \(|A!| > |2^A|\) (200 is false), and since it isclear that \(|A!| \le |A^A|\), 290 is false. (See Note 64).\parGonzalez has shown that there is an infinite set in \(\cal N3\) which doesnot have a dense linear ordering in \(\cal N3\) (295 is false). Since form295 is false and 30 is true it follows from Pincus [1997] thatform 296 ( Every infinite set is the disjoint union of infinitely manyinfinite sets.) is false. (30 + 296 implies 295.) Using the fact that theKinna-Wagner Selection Principle (15) is false and that the OrderingPrinciple (30) is true, Krom proves that there is an ordered topologicalspace that is not normal (118 is false). Brunner [1985c]comments that the order topology on \(A\) is \(T_2\) and each infinite subsetof \(A\) contains a closed interval which is compact (304 is false). InBrunner [1982a], it is shown that in this model, every set iseither well orderable or contains a copy of sub-intervals of \(A\). It isnoted in Brunner [1984f] that an interval with theorder-topology is a \(T\)-2 space with an infinite number of non-isolatedpoints so it follows thatForm 128 is true. Howard [1973] hasshown that in every FM model 14 implies the Weak Sikorski Theorem (317),so 317 is true.\parFor each \(i\in\omega-\{0\}\), let \(c_i\) be the set of all \(i\)-elementsubsets of \(A\). Then the set \(\{c_i: i\in\omega-\{0\}\}\) is a denumerableset that has no multiple choice function (\(MC(\aleph_0,\infty)\) (126) isfalse) and no Kinna-Wagner Selection function (\(KW(\aleph_0,\infty)\) (355)is false). It is shown in Howard/Keremedis/Rubin/Rubin [1998b]thatForm 381 (DUM) is true. SinceForm 165 (\(C(WO,WO)\)) is true, (60implies 165) it follows from Note 2(8 and 9) that 16 and 24 are also true.De la Cruz and Di Prisco have shown that every infinite family ofnon-empty sets has an infinite subset with a Kinna-Wagner selectionfunction (379 is true). They have also pointed out that the atoms have noinfinite subset \(B\) such that collection of all subsets of \(B\) ofcardinality greater than 2 has a Kinna-Wagner selection function (376 isfalse). Ramsey's theorem (325) is true by an argument very similar to theproof that 325 is true in \(\cal N1\) given by \ac{Blass} in \cite{1977a}.

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