Listing Form Equivalence Classes

Howard-Rubin Number Statement References
HR 0  \(0 = 0\).
HR 1

\(C(\infty,\infty)\):  The Axiom of Choice: Every  set  of  non-empty sets has a choice function.

HR 2

Existence of successor cardinals: For every cardinal \(m\) there is a cardinal \(n\) such that \(m < n\) and \((\forall p < n)(p \le m)\).

Tarski, A. [1954a]
HR 3  \(2m = m\): For all infinite cardinals \(m\), \(2m = m\). Tarski, A. [1954a]
HR 4

Every infinite set is the union of some disjoint family of denumerable subsets. (Denumerable means \(\cong \aleph_0\).)

Whitehead, A.N. [1902]
HR 5

\(C(\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\Bbb R)\): Every denumerable set of non-empty denumerable subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) has a choice function.

Sageev, G. [1975]
HR 6

\(UT(\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\aleph_0,\Bbb R)\): The union of a denumerable  family  of denumerable subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) is denumerable.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982 Note [3]
HR 7

There is no infinite decreasing sequence of cardinals.

Schoenflies, A. [1908]
HR 8

\(C(\aleph_{0},\infty)\):

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918]
HR 9

Finite \(\Leftrightarrow\) Dedekind finite: \(W_{\aleph_{0}}\) Jech [1973b]: \(E(I,IV)\) Howard/Yorke [1989]): Every Dedekind finite set is finite.

Howard, P. [1989] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Was sind und was sollen die Zollen?, Dedekind, R., 1888 Note [94]
HR 10

\(C(\aleph_{0},< \aleph_{0})\):  Every denumerable family of non-empty finite sets has a choice function.

HR 11

A Form of Restricted Choice for Families of Finite Sets: For every infinite set \(A\), \(A\) has an infinite subset \(B\) such that for every \(n\in\omega\), \(n>0\), the set of all \(n\) element subsets of \(B\) has a choice function. De la Cruz/Di Prisco [1998b]

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 12

A Form of Restricted Choice for Families of Finite Sets: For every infinite set \(A\) and every \(n\in\omega\), there is an infinite subset \(B\) of \(A\) such the set of all \(n\) element subsets of \(B\) has a choice function. De la Cruz/Di Prisco} [1998b]

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 13

Every Dedekind finite subset of \({\Bbb R}\) is finite.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982 Note [94]
HR 14

BPI: Every Boolean algebra has a prime ideal.

Stone, M. [1936]
HR 15

\(KW(\infty,\infty)\) (KW), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle: For every  set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\). (See Form 81(\(n\)).  

Kinna, W. [1955]
HR 16

\(C(\aleph_{0},\le 2^{\aleph_{0}})\):  Every denumerable collection of non-empty sets  each with power \(\le  2^{\aleph_{0}}\) has a choice function.

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918]
HR 17

Ramsey's Theorem I: If \(A\) is an infinite set and the family of all 2 element subsets of \(A\) is partitioned into 2 sets \(X\) and \(Y\), then there is an infinite subset \(B\subseteq A\) such that all 2 element subsets of \(B\) belong to \(X\) or all 2 element subsets of \(B\) belong to \(Y\). (Also, see Form 325.), Jech [1973b], p 164 prob 11.20.

Ramsey, Frank [1929] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 18

\(PUT(\aleph_{0},2,\aleph_{0})\):  The union of a denumerable family of pairwise disjoint pairs has a denumerable subset.

Brunner, N. [1984f]
HR 19

A real function is analytically representable if and only if it is in Baire's classification. G.Moore [1982], equation (2.3.1).

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 20

If \(\{A_{x}: x \in S \}\) and \(\{B_{x}: x \in  S\}\) are families  of pairwise disjoint sets and \( |A_{x}| = |B_{x}|\) for all \(x\in S\), then \(|\bigcup_{x\in S}A_{x}| = |\bigcup_{x\in S} B_{x}|\). Moore [1982] (1.4.12 and 1.7.8).

HR 21

If \(S\) is well ordered, \(\{A_{x}: x\in S\}\) and \(\{B_{x}: x\in S\}\) are families of pairwise disjoint sets, and \(|A_{x}| = |B_{x}|\) for all \(x\in S\), then \(|\bigcup_{x\in S}A_{x}|= |\bigcup_{x\in S} B_{x}|\). G\.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 22

\(UT(2^{\aleph_{0}},2^{\aleph_{0}},2^{\aleph_{0}})\): If every member of an infinite  set of cardinality \(2^{\aleph _{0}}\) has power \(2^{\aleph_{0}}\), then the union has power \(2^{\aleph_{0}}\).

Le¸cons sur la th´eorie des fonctions, Borel, E., 1898 Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 23

\((\forall \alpha)(UT(\aleph_{\alpha},\aleph_{\alpha}, \aleph_{\alpha}))\): For every ordinal \(\alpha\), if \(A\) and every member of \(A\) has cardinality \(\aleph_{\alpha}\), then \(|\bigcup A| = \aleph _{\alpha }\).

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 24

\(C(\aleph_0,2^{(2^{\aleph_0})})\): Every denumerable collection of non-empty sets each with power \(2^{(2^{\aleph_{0}})}\) has a choice function.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 25

\(\aleph _{\beta +1}\) is regular for all ordinals \(\beta\).

Levy, A. [1963] Gitik, M. [1980]
HR 26

\(UT(\aleph_{0},2^{\aleph_{0}},2^{\aleph_{0}})\): The union of denumerably many sets each of power \(2^{\aleph _{0}}\) has power \(2^{\aleph_{0}}\).

Le¸cons sur la th´eorie des fonctions, Borel, E., 1898
HR 27

\((\forall \alpha)( UT(\aleph_{0},\aleph_{\alpha}, \aleph_{\alpha}))\): The  union of denumerably many sets each of power \(\aleph_{\alpha }\) has power \(\aleph_{\alpha}\). Moore, G. [1982], p 36.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 28-p

(Where \(p\) is a prime) AL20(\(\mathbb Z_p\)): Every vector space \(V\) over \(\mathbb Z_p\) has the property that every linearly independent subset can be extended to a basis.  (\(\mathbb Z_p\) is the \(p\) element field.) Rubin, H./Rubin, J. [1985], p. 119, Statement AL20

Bleicher, M. [1964] Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985
HR 29  If \(|S| = \aleph_{0}\) and \(\{A_{x}: x\in S\}\) and \(\{B_{x}: x\in S\}\) are families of pairwise disjoint sets and \(|A_{x}| = |B_{x}|\) for all \(x\in S\), then \(|\bigcup^{}_{x\in S} A_{x}| = |\bigcup^{}_{x\in S} B_{x}|\). Moore, G. [1982], p 324.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 30

Ordering Principle: Every set can be linearly ordered.

Schr&ouml;der, E. [1898]
HR 31

\(UT(\aleph_{0},\aleph_{0},\aleph_{0})\): The countable union theorem:  The union of a denumerable set of denumerable sets is denumerable.

Cantor, G. [1878]
HR 32

\(C(\aleph_0,\le\aleph_0)\): Every denumerable set of non-empty countable sets  has a choice function.

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918]
HR 33-n

If \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(LO,n)\):  Every linearly ordered set of \(n\) element sets has  a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 34

\(\aleph_{1}\) is regular.

Russell, B. [1906] Note [3]
HR 35

The union of countably many meager subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) is meager. (Meager sets are the same as sets of the first category.) Jech [1973b] p 7 prob 1.7.

Levy, A. [1963] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Note [28]
HR 36

Compact T\(_2\) spaces are Loeb. (A space is Loeb if the set of non-empty closed sets has a choice function.)

Tachtsis, E. [2001]
HR 37

Lebesgue measure is countably additive.

Sierpi'nski, W. [1916]
HR 38

\({\Bbb R}\) is not the union of a countable family of countable sets.

Levy, A. [1963] Note [3]
HR 39

\(C(\aleph_{1},\infty)\): Every set \(A\) of non-empty sets such that \(\vert A\vert = \aleph_{1}\) has a choice function. Moore, G. [1982], p. 202.

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918] Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 40

\(C(WO,\infty)\):  Every well orderable set of non-empty sets has a choice function. Moore, G. [1982], p 325.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 41

\(W_{\aleph _{1}}\): For every cardinal \(m\), \(m \le \aleph_{1}\) or \(\aleph_{1}\le m \).

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 42

Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem: If a countable family of first order  sentences is satisfiable in a set \(M\) then it is satisfiable in a countable subset of \(M\). (See Moore, G. [1982], p. 251 for references.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 43

\(DC(\omega)\) (DC), Principle of Dependent Choices: If \(S\)  is  a relation on a non-empty set \(A\) and \((\forall x\in A) (\exists y\in A)(x S y)\)  then there is a sequence \(a(0), a(1), a(2), \ldots\) of elements of \(A\) such that \((\forall n\in\omega)(a(n)\mathrel S a(n+1))\).  See Tarski [1948], p 96, Levy [1964], p. 136.

Tarski, A. [1948] Levy, A. [1964] Note [54]
HR 44

\(DC(\aleph _{1})\):  Given a relation \(R\) such that for every  subset \(Y\) of a set \(X\) with \(|Y| < \aleph_{1}\) there is an \(x \in  X\)  with \(Y \mathrel R x\), then there is a function \(f: \aleph_{1} \rightarrow  X\) such that \((\forall\beta < \aleph_{1}) (\{f(\gamma ): \gamma < b \} \mathrel R f(\beta))\).

Levy, A. [1964]
HR 45-n

If \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(\infty,n)\): Every set of \(n\)-element sets has a choice function.

Mostowski, A. [1945] Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 46-K

If \(K\) is a finite subset of \(\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(\infty,K)\): For every \(n\in K\), every set of \(n\)-element sets has a choice function.

Mostowski, A. [1945] Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 47-n

If \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(WO,n)\): Every well ordered collection of \(n\)-element sets has a choice function.

Mostowski, A. [1945] Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 48-K

If \(K\) is a finite subset of \(\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(WO,K)\): For every \(n\in K,\) \(C(WO,n)\).

Mostowski, A. [1945] Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 49

Order Extension Principle: Every partial ordering can be extended to a linear ordering.  Tarski [1924], p 78.

Tarski, A. [1924]
HR 50

Sikorski's  Extension Theorem: Every homomorphism of a subalgebra \(B\) of a Boolean algebra \(A\) into a complete Boolean algebra \(B'\) can be extended to a homomorphism of \(A\) into \(B'\). Sikorski [1964], p. 141.

Sikorski, R. [1950] Boolean Algrbras, Sikorski, R., 1960 Boolean Algrbras, 2nd ed., Sikorski, R., 1964
HR 51

Cofinality Principle: Every linear ordering has a cofinal sub well ordering.  Sierpi\'nski [1918], p 117.

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918]
HR 52

Hahn-Banach Theorem:  If \(V\) is a real vector space and \(p: V \rightarrow {\Bbb R}\) satisfies \(p(x+y) \le p(x) + p(y)\) and \((\forall t > 0)( p(tx) = tp(x) )\) and \(S\) is a subspace of \(V\) and \(f:S \rightarrow {\Bbb R}\) is linear and satisfies \((\forall  x \in S)( f(x) \le  p(x) )\) then \(f\) can be extended to \(f^{*} : V \rightarrow {\Bbb R}\) such that \(f^{*}\) is linear and \((\forall x \in V)(f^{*}(x) \le p(x))\).

L o's, J. [1951]
HR 53

For all infinite cardinals \(m\), \(m^2\le 2^m\).  Mathias [1979], prob 1336.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979]
HR 54

For all infinite cardinals \(m\), \(m\) adj \(2^{m}\) implies \(m\) is an aleph.  
Note that \(m\) adj \(n\) iff \(m < n\) and \(\neg (\exists p) (m < p < n).\)
Mathias [1979] prob 1337, thm 1338 and prob 1339.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979]
HR 55

For all infinite cardinals \(m\) and \(n\), if \(m\cdot n = m + n\) then, \(m \le  n\) or \(n \le m\).
Mathias [1979], p 125.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979]
HR 56

\(\aleph(2^{\aleph_{0}})\neq\aleph_{\omega}\). (\(\aleph(2^{\aleph_{0}})\) is Hartogs' aleph, the least \(\aleph\) not \(\le 2^{\aleph_{0}}\).)
Mathias [1979], p 125.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979]
HR 57

If \(x\) and \(y\) are Dedekind finite sets then either \(|x|\le |y|\) or \(|y|\le |x|\).
Mathias [1979], p 125.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979] Note [94]
HR 58

There is an ordinal \(\alpha\) such that \(\aleph(2^{\aleph_{\alpha }})\neq\aleph_{\alpha +1}\). (\(\aleph(2^{\aleph_{\alpha}})\) is Hartogs' aleph, the least \(\aleph\) not \(\le 2^{\aleph _{\alpha}}\).)
Mathias [1979], p 126.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979]
HR 59-le

If \((A,\le)\) is a partial ordering that is not a well ordering, then there is no set \(B\) such that \((B,\le)\) (the usual injective cardinal ordering on \(B\)) is isomorphic to \((A,\le)\).
Mathias [1979], p 120.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1979]
HR 60

\(C(\infty,WO)\): Every set of non-empty, well orderable sets has a choice function.
Moore, G. [1982], p 125.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 61

\((\forall n\in\omega, n\ge 2\))\((C(\infty,n))\): For each \(n\in\omega\), \(n\ge 2\), every set of \(n\) element  sets has a choice function.

Levy, A. [1962]
HR 62

\(C(\infty,< \aleph_{0})\):  Every set of non-empty finite  sets  has  a choice function.

HR 63

\(SPI\): Weak ultrafilter principle: Every infinite set has a non-trivial ultrafilter.
Jech [1973b], p 172 prob 8.5.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 64

\(E(I,Ia)\) There are no amorphous sets. (Equivalently, every infinite set is the union of two disjoint infinite sets.)

Howard, P. [1989] Levy, A. [1958] Note [94] Note [57]
HR 65

The Krein-Milman Theorem: Let \(K\) be a compact convex set in a locally convex topological vector space \(X\). Then \(K\) has an extreme point. (An extreme point is a point which is not an interior point of any line segment which lies in  \(K\).) Rubin, H./Rubin, J. [1985] p. 177.

Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985 Real Analysis, Royden, H. L., 1963
HR 66

Every vector space over a field has a basis.

Hamel, G. [1905]
HR 67

\(MC(\infty,\infty)\) \((MC)\), The Axiom of Multiple Choice: For every set \(M\) of non-empty sets there is a function \(f\) such that \((\forall x\in M)(\emptyset\neq f(x)\subseteq x\) and \(f(x)\) is finite).

HR 68

Nielsen-Schreier Theorem: Every subgroup of a free group is free.  Jech [1973b], p 12.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 69

Every field has an algebraic closure.  Jech [1973b], p 13.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 70

There is a non-trivial ultrafilter on \(\omega\). Jech [1973b], prob 5.24.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 71-alpha  

\(W_{\aleph_{\alpha}}\): \((\forall x)(|x|\le\aleph_{\alpha }\) or \(|x|\ge \aleph_{\alpha})\). Jech [1973b], page 119.

Levy, A. [1964] Pelc, A. [1978] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 72

Artin-Schreier Theorem:  Every field in which \(-1\) is not the sum of squares can be ordered. (The ordering, \(\le \), must satisfy (a) \(a\le b\rightarrow a + c\le b + c\) for all \(c\) and (b) \(c\ge 0\) and \(a\le b\rightarrow a\cdot c\le b\cdot c\).)

Tarski, A. [1954b]
HR 73

\(\forall n\in\omega\), \(PC(\infty,n,\infty)\):  For every \(n\in\omega\), if \(C\) is an infinite family of \(n\) element sets, then \(C\) has an infinite subfamily with a choice function. De la Cruz/Di Prisco [1998b]

De la Cruz, O. [1998a] Set Theory: Techniques and Applications, Conference, Proceedings, 1998
HR 74

For every \(A\subseteq\Bbb R\) the following are equivalent:

  1. \(A\) is closed and bounded.
  2. Every sequence \(\{x_{n}\}\subseteq A\) has a convergent subsequence with limit in A.
Jech [1973b], p 21.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 75

If a set has at least two elements, then it can be partitioned into well orderable subsets, each of which has at least two elements.

Higasikawa, M. [1995]
HR 76

\(MC_\omega(\infty,\infty)\) (\(\omega\)-MC): For every family \(X\) of pairwise disjoint non-empty sets, there is a function \(f\) such that for each \(x\in X\), f(x) is a non-empty countable subset of \(x\).

Howard, P. [1998b]
HR 77

A linear ordering of a set \(P\) is a well ordering if and only if \(P\) has no infinite descending sequences. Jech [1973b], p 23.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 78

Urysohn's Lemma:  If \(A\) and \(B\) are disjoint closed sets in a normal space \(S\), then there is a continuous \(f:S\rightarrow [0,1]\) which is 1 everywhere in \(A\) and 0 everywhere in \(B\). Urysohn [1925], pp 290-292.

Urysohn, P. [1925]
HR 79

\({\Bbb R}\) can be well ordered.  Hilbert [1900], p 263.

Hilbert, D. [1900]
HR 80

\(C(\aleph_{0},2)\):  Every denumerable set of  pairs has  a  choice function.

Mostowski, A. [1948]
HR 81-n

(For \(n\in\omega\)) \(K(n)\): For every set \(S\) there is an ordinal \(\alpha\) and a one to one function \(f: S \rightarrow {\cal P}^{n}(\alpha)\). (\({\cal P}^{0}(X) = X\) and \({\cal P}^{n+1}(X) = {\cal P}({\cal P}^{n}(X))\). (\(K(0)\) is equivalent to [1 AC]  and \(K(1)\) is equivalent to the selection principle (Form 15)).

Monro, G.P. [1972] Monro, G.P. [1973b] Note [90]
HR 82

\(E(I,III)\) (Howard/Yorke [1989]): If \(X\) is infinite then \(\cal P(X)\) is Dedekind infinite. (\(X\) is finite \(\Leftrightarrow {\cal P}(X)\) is Dedekind finite.)

Howard, P. [1989] Levy, A. [1958] Note [94]
HR 83

\(E(I,II)\) Howard/Yorke [1989]: \(T\)-finite is equivalent to finite.

Howard, P. [1989] Tarski, A. [1924] Note [94]
HR 84

\(E(II,III)\) (Howard/Yorke [1989]): \((\forall x)(x\) is \(T\)-finite  if and only if \(\cal P(x)\) is Dedekind finite).

Howard, P. [1989] Note [94]
HR 85

\(C(\infty,\aleph_{0})\):  Every family of denumerable sets has  a choice function.  Jech [1973b] p 115 prob 7.13.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 86-alpha

\(C(\aleph_{\alpha},\infty)\): If \(X\) is a set of non-empty sets such that \(|X| = \aleph_{\alpha }\), then \(X\) has a choice function.

Levy, A. [1964]
HR 87-alpha

\(DC(\aleph_{\alpha})\): Given a relation \(R\) such that for every subset \(Y\) of a set \(X\) with \(|Y|<\aleph_{\alpha}\), there is an \(x\in X\) with \(Y\mathrel R x\) then there is a function \(f:\aleph_{\alpha}\to X\) such that (\(\forall\beta < \aleph_{\alpha}\)) \(\{f(\gamma): \gamma < \beta\}\mathrel R f(\beta)\).

Levy, A. [1964]
HR 88

  \(C(\infty ,2)\):  Every family of pairs has a choice function.

HR 89

Antichain Principle:  Every partially ordered set has a maximal antichain. Jech [1973b], p 133.

Kurepa, D. [1953] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Note [39]
HR 90

\(LW\):  Every linearly ordered set can be well ordered. Jech [1973b], p 133.

Felgner, U. [1973] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 91

\(PW\):  The power set of a well ordered set can be well ordered.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985
HR 92

\(C(WO,{\Bbb R})\):  Every well ordered family of non-empty subsets of \({\Bbb R}\) has a choice function.

Howard, P. [2000a]
HR 93

There is a non-measurable subset of \({\Bbb R}\).

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918]
HR 94

\(C(\aleph_{0},\infty,{\Bbb R})\): Every denumerable family of non-empty sets of reals  has a choice function. Jech [1973b], p 148 prob 10.1.

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 95-F

Existence of Complementary Subspaces over a Field \(F\): If \(F\) is a field, then every vector space \(V\) over \(F\) has the property that if \(S\subseteq V\) is a subspace of \(V\), then there is a subspace \(S'\subseteq V\) such that \(S\cap S'= \{0\}\) and \(S\cup S'\) generates \(V\). H. Rubin/J. Rubin [1985], pp 119ff, and Jech [1973b], p 148 prob 10.4.

Bleicher, M. [1964] Bleicher, M. [1965] The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985
HR 96

Löwig's Theorem:If \(B_{1}\) and \(B_{2}\) are both bases for the vector space \(V\) then \(|B_{1}| = |B_{2}|\).

Lowig, L. [1934]
HR 97

Cardinal Representatives: For every set \(A\) there is a function \(c\) with domain \({\cal P}(A)\) such that for all \(x, y\in {\cal P}(A)\), (i) \(c(x) = c(y) \leftrightarrow x\approx y\) and (ii) \(c(x)\approx x\).  Jech [1973b] p 154.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 98

The set of all finite subsets of a Dedekind finite set is Dedekind finite. Jech [1973b] p 161 prob 11.5.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Note [94]
HR 99

Rado's Selection Lemma: Let \(\{K(\lambda): \lambda \in\Lambda\}\) be a family  of finite subsets (of \(X\)) and suppose for each finite \(S\subseteq\Lambda\) there is a function \(\gamma(S): S \rightarrow X\) such that \((\forall\lambda\in S)(\gamma(S)(\lambda)\in K(\lambda))\).  Then there is an \(f: \Lambda\rightarrow X\) such that for every finite \(S\subseteq\Lambda\) there is a finite \(T\) such that \(S\subseteq T\subseteq\Lambda\) and such that \(f\) and \(\gamma (T)\) agree on S.

Rado, R. [1949]
HR 100

Weak Partition Principle:  For all sets \(x\) and \(y\), if \(x\precsim^* y\), then it is not the case that \(y\prec x\).

Lindenbaum, A. [1926] Note [69]
HR 101

Partition Principle:  If \(S\) is a partition of \(M\), then \(S \precsim M\).

Sierpi'nski, W. [1947]
HR 102

For all Dedekind finite cardinals \(p\) and \(q\), if \(p^{2} = q^{2}\) then \(p = q\). Jech [1973b], p 162 prob 11.12.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Note [94]
HR 103

If \((P,<)\) is a linear ordering and \(|P| > \aleph_{1}\) then some initial segment of \(P\) is uncountable. Jech [1973b], p 164 prob 11.21.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b
HR 104

There is a regular uncountable aleph. Jech [1966b], p 165 prob 11.26.

Jech, T. [1966b]
HR 105

There is a  partially ordered set \((A,\le)\) such that for no set \(B\) is \((B,\le)\) (the ordering  on \(B\) is the usual injective cardinal ordering) isomorphic to \((A,\le)\).

Forti, M. [1985] Jech, T. [1966c]
HR 106

Baire Category Theorem for Compact Hausdorff Spaces: Every compact Hausdorff space is Baire.

Goldblatt, R. [1985] Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982 Note [28]
HR 107  

M. Hall's Theorem: Let \(\{S(\alpha): \alpha\in A\}\) be a collection of finite subsets (of a set \(X\)) then if

(*) for each finite \(F \subseteq  A\) there is an injective choice function on \(F\)
then there is an injective choice function on \(A\). (That is, a 1-1 function \(f\) such that \((\forall\alpha\in A)(f(\alpha)\in S(\alpha))\).) (According to a theorem of P. Hall (\(*\)) is equivalent to \(\left |\bigcup_{\alpha\in F} S(\alpha)\right|\ge |F|\). P. Hall's theorem does not require the axiom of choice.)

Hall, M. [1948]
HR 108

There is an ordinal \(\alpha\) such that \(2^{\aleph _{\alpha}}\) is not the union of a denumerable set of denumerable sets.

Gitik, M. [1985]
HR 109

Every field \(F\) and every vector space \(V\) over \(F\) has the property that each linearly independent set \(A\subseteq V\) can be extended to a basis. H.Rubin/J.~Rubin [1985], pp 119ff.

Bleicher, M. [1964] Bleicher, M. [1965] Blass, A. [1984a] Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985
HR 110

Every vector space over \(\Bbb Q\) has a basis.

Blass, A. [1984a]
HR 111

\(UT(WO,2,WO)\): The union of an infinite well ordered set of 2-element sets is an infinite well ordered set.

HR 112

\(MC(\infty,LO)\): For every family \(X\) of non-empty sets each of which can be linearly ordered there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(y\in X\), \(f(y)\) is a non-empty finite subset of \(y\).

Howard, P. [1977]
HR 113

Tychonoff's Compactness Theorem for Countably Many Spaces: The product of a countable set of compact spaces is compact.

Brunner, N. [1985a]
HR 114

Every A-bounded \(T_2\) topological space is weakly Loeb. (\(A\)-bounded means amorphous subsets are relatively compact. Weakly Loeb means the set of non-empty closed subsets has a multiple choice function.)

HR 115

The product of weakly Loeb \(T_2\) spaces is weakly Loeb. Weakly Loeb means the set of non-empty closed subsets has a multiple choice function.)

Brunner, N. [1985a]
HR 116

Every compact \(T_2\) space is weakly  Loeb. Weakly Loeb means the set of non-empty closed subsets has a multiple choice function.

Brunner, N. [1985a]
HR 117

If \(\kappa\) is a measurable cardinal, then \(\kappa\) is the \(\kappa\)th inaccessible cardinal.

Keisler, H.J. [1964]
HR 118

Every linearly orderable topological space is normal.  Birkhoff [1967], p 241.

Lattice Theory (3rd edition), Birkhoff, G., 1967
HR 119

van Douwen's choice principle: \(C(\aleph_{0}\),uniformly orderable with order type of the integers): Suppose \(\{ A_{i}: i\in\omega\}\) is a set and there is a function \(f\) such that for each \(i\in\omega,\ f(i)\) is an ordering of \(A_{i}\) of type \(\omega^{*}+\omega\) (the usual ordering of the integers), then \(\{A_{i}: i\in\omega\}\) has a choice function.

van Douwen, E.K. [1985]
HR 120-K

If \(K\subseteq\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(LO,K)\): Every linearly ordered set of non-empty sets each of whose cardinality is in \(K\) has a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 121

\(C(LO,<\aleph_{0})\): Every linearly ordered set of non-empty finite sets has a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 122

\(C(WO,<\aleph_{0})\): Every well ordered set of non-empty finite sets has a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1973a]
HR 123

\(SPI^*\): Uniform weak ultrafilter principle: For each family \(F\) of infinite sets \(\exists f\) such that \(\forall x\in F\), \(f(x)\) is a non-principal ultrafilter on \(x\).

Halpern, J.D. [1972]
HR 124

Every operator on a Hilbert space with an amorphous base is the direct sum of a finite matrix and  a  scalar operator.  (A set is amorphous if it is not the union of two disjoint infinite sets.)

Brunner, N. [1984a]
HR 125

There does not exist an infinite, compact connected \(p\) space. (A \(p\) space is a \(T_2\) space in which the intersection of any well orderable family of open sets is open.)

Brunner, N. [1984c]
HR 126

\(MC(\aleph_0,\infty)\), Countable axiom of multiple choice: For every denumerable set \(X\) of non-empty sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(y\in X\), \(f(y)\) is a non-empty finite subset of \(y\).

Brunner, N. [1984d] Blass, A. [1979]
HR 127

An amorphous power of a compact \(T_2\) space, which as a set is well orderable, is well orderable.

Brunner, N. [1984b]
HR 128

Aczel's Realization Principle: On every infinite set there is a Hausdorff topology with an infinite set of non-isolated points.

Brunner, N. [1984f]
HR 129

For every infinite set \(A\), \(A\) admits a partition into sets of order type \(\omega^{*} + \omega\). (For every infinite \(A\), there is a set \(\{\langle C_j,<_j \rangle: j\in J\}\) such that \(\{C_j: j\in J\}\) is a partition of \(A\) and for each \(j\in J\), \(<_j\) is an ordering of \(C_j\) of type \(\omega^* + \omega\).)

Brunner, N. [1984f]
HR 130

\({\cal P}(\Bbb R)\) is well orderable.

Brunner, N. [1984f]
HR 131

\(MC_\omega(\aleph_0,\infty)\): For every denumerable family \(X\) of pairwise disjoint non-empty sets, there is a function \(f\) such that for each \(x\in X\), f(x) is a non-empty countable subset of \(x\).

Howard, P. [1998b]
HR 132

\(PC(\infty, <\aleph_0,\infty)\):  Every infinite family of finite  sets has an infinite subfamily with a choice function.

Blass, A. [1977a] Kleinberg, E.M. [1969]
HR 133  

Every set is either well orderable or has an infinite amorphous subset.

Brunner, N. [1982a]
HR 134

If \(X\) is an infinite \(T_1\) space and \(X^{Y}\) is \(T_5\), then \(Y\) is countable. (\(T_5\) is 'hereditarily \(T_4\)'.)

Stone, A.H. [1948]
HR 135

If \(X\) is a \(T_2\) space with at least two points and \(X^{Y}\) is hereditarily metacompact then \(Y\) is  countable. (A space is metacompact if every open cover has an open point finite refinement. If \(B\) and \(B'\) are covers of a space \(X\), then \(B'\) is a refinement of \(B\) if \((\forall x\in B')(\exists y\in B)(x\subseteq y)\). \(B\) is point finite if \((\forall t\in X)\) there are only finitely many \(x\in B\) such that \(t\in x\).) van Douwen [1980]

HR 136-k

Surjective Cardinal Cancellation (depends on \(k\in\omega-\{0\}\)): For all cardinals \(x\) and \(y\), \(kx\le^* ky\) implies \(x\le^* y\).

Truss, J. K. [1984] Note [69]
HR 137-k

Suppose \(k\in\omega-\{0\}\). If \(f\) is a 1-1 map from \(k\times X\) into \(k\times Y\) then there are partitions \(X = \bigcup_{i \le k} X_{i} \) and \(Y = \bigcup_{i \le k} Y_{i} \) of \(X\) and \(Y\) such that \(f\) maps \(\bigcup_{i \le k} (\{i\} \times  X_{i})\) onto \(\bigcup_{i \le k} (\{i\} \times  Y_{i})\).

Truss, J. K. [1984]
HR 138-k

Suppose \(k\in\omega\).  If \(f\) is a partial map from \(k\times Y\)  onto \(k\times X\) (that is, the domain is a subset of \(k\times Y\)), then there are partitions \(X = \bigcup_{i \le k} X_{i}\)  and \(Y = \bigcup_{i \le k} Y_{i}\) of \(X\) and \(Y\) such that \(f\) maps \(\bigcup_{i \le k} (\{i\} \times Y_{i})\) onto \(\bigcup^{}_{i \le k} (\{i\} \times X_{i})\).

Truss, J. K. [1984]
HR 139

Using the discrete topology on 2, \(2^{\cal P(\omega)}\) is compact.

Truss, J. K. [1984]
HR 140

Let \(\Omega\) be the set of all (undirected) infinite cycles of reals (Graphs whose vertices are real numbers, connected, no loops and each vertex adjacent to  exactly two others). Then there is a function \(f\) on \(\Omega \) such that for all \(s\in\Omega\), \(f(s)\) is a direction along \(s\).

Truss, J. K. [1984]
HR 141

[14 P(\(n\))] with \(n = 2\):  Let \(\{A(i): i\in I\}\) be a collection of sets such that \(\forall i\in I,\ |A(i)|\le 2\) and suppose \(R\) is a symmetric binary relation on \(\bigcup^{}_{i\in I} A(i)\) such that for all finite \(W\subseteq I\) there is an \(R\) consistent choice function for \(\{A(i): i \in W\}\). Then there is an \(R\) consistent choice function for \(\{A(i): i\in I\}\).

Cowen, R.H. [1977b] Note [109]
HR 142

\(\neg  PB\):  There is a set of reals without the property of Baire.  Jech [1973b], p. 7.

The Axiom of Choice, Jech, T., 1973b Note [28]
HR 143

\(H(C,TR)\): If \((X,R)\) is a connected relation (\(u\neq v\rightarrow u\mathrel R v\) or \(v\mathrel R u\)) then \(X\) contains a \(\subseteq\)-maximal transitive subset.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 144

Every set is almost well orderable.

Keisler, H.J. [1970] Note [25]
HR 145

Compact \(P_0\)-spaces are Dedekind finite. (A \(P_0\)-space is a topological space in which the intersection of a countable collection of open sets is open.)

Brunner, N. [1984c] Note [94]
HR 146

\(A(F,A1)\): For every \(T_2\) topological space \((X,T)\), if \(X\) is a continuous finite to one image of an A1 space then \((X,T)\) is  an A1 space. (\((X,T)\) is A1 means if \(U \subseteq  T\) covers \(X\) then \(\exists f : X\rightarrow U\) such that \((\forall x\in X) (x\in f(x)).)\)

Brunner, N. [1983d] Note [26]
HR 147

\(A(D2)\):  Every \(T_2\) topological space \((X,T)\) can be covered by a well ordered family of discrete sets.

Brunner, N. [1983d] Note [26]
HR 148

\(A(W2,B1)\): For every \(T_2\) topological space \((X,T)\), if \(X\) is well ordered, then \(X\) has a well ordered base.

Brunner, N. [1983d] Note [26]
HR 149

\(A(F)\):  Every \(T_2\) topological space is a continuous, finite to one image of an \(A1\) space.

Brunner, N. [1983d] Note [26]
HR 150

\(PC(\infty,\aleph_0,\infty)\): Every infinite set of denumerable sets has an infinite subset with a choice function.

HR 151

\(UT(WO,\aleph_{0},WO)\) (\(U_{\aleph_{1}}\)): The union of a well ordered set of denumerable sets is well  orderable. (If \(\kappa\) is a well ordered cardinal, see note 27 for \(UT(WO,\kappa,WO)\).)

Howard, P. [1992] Note [27]
HR 152

\(D_{\aleph_{0}}\): Every non-well-orderable set is the union of a pairwise disjoint, well orderable family of denumerable sets.  (See note 27 for \(D_{\kappa}\), \(\kappa\) a well ordered cardinal.)

Howard, P. [1992] Note [27]
HR 153

The closed unit ball of a Hilbert space is compact in the weak topology.

Fossy, J. [1998] Functional Analysis (2nd edition), Rudin, W., 1991
HR 154

Tychonoff's Compactness Theorem for Countably Many \(T_2\) Spaces: The product of countably many \(T_2\) compact spaces is compact.

Brunner, N. [1983c]
HR 155  \(LC\): There are no non-trivial Läuchli continua. (A Läuchli continuum is a strongly connected continuum. Continuum \(\equiv\) compact, connected, Hausdorff space; and strongly connected \(\equiv\) every continuous real valued function is constant.)

Brunner, N. [1983a] Lauchli, H. [1962]
HR 156

Theorem of Gelfand and Kolmogoroff: Two compact \(T_2\) spaces are  homeomorphic if their rings of real valued continuous functions are isomorphic.

Gelfand, I. [1939]
HR 157

Theorem of Goodner: A compact \(T_{2}\) space is extremally disconnected (the closure of every open set is open) if and only if each non-empty subset of \(C(X)\) (set of continuous real valued functions on \(X\)) which is pointwise bounded has a supremum.

Goodner, D. A. [1950]
HR 158

In every Hilbert space \(H\), if the closed unit ball is sequentially compact, then \(H\) has an orthonormal basis.

Brunner, N. [1983b]
HR 159

The regular cardinals are cofinal in the class of ordinals.

Blass, A. [1983b]
HR 160

No Dedekind finite set can be mapped onto an aleph. (See [9 E].)

Monro, G.P. [1975] Note [94]
HR 161

Definability of cardinal addition in terms of \(\le\): There is a first order formula whose only non-logical symbol is \( \le \) (for cardinals) that defines cardinal addition.

Haussler, A. [1983]
HR 162

Non-existence of infinite units: There is no infinite cardinal number \(A\) such that \(A + A > A\)  and for all cardinals \(x\) and \(y\), \(x + y = A\rightarrow x = A\) or \(y = A\).

Haussler, A. [1983]
HR 163

Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite, Dedekind finite subset.

Brunner, N. [1982a] Note [94]
HR 164

Every non-well-orderable set has an infinite subset with a Dedekind finite power set.

Brunner, N. [1982a] Note [94] Note [42]
HR 165

\(C(WO,WO)\):  Every well ordered family of non-empty, well orderable sets has a choice function.

HR 166

\(PC(\infty,2,\infty)\): Every infinite family of pairs has an infinite subfamily with a choice function.

Brunner, N. [1982a]
HR 167

\(PKW(\aleph_{0},\ge 2,\infty)\), Partial Kinna-Wagner Principle:  For every denumerable family \(F\) such that for all \(x\in F\), \(|x|\ge 2\), there is an infinite subset \(H\subseteq F\) and a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in H\), \(\emptyset\neq f(x) \subsetneq x\).

Brunner, N. [1982a]
HR 168

Dual Cantor-Bernstein Theorem:\((\forall x) (\forall y)(|x| \le^*|y|\) and \(|y|\le^* |x|\) implies  \(|x| = |y|)\) .

Banaschewski, B. [1990] Note [69]
HR 169

There is an uncountable subset of \({\Bbb R}\) without a perfect subset.

Banaschewski, B. [1990] Bernstein, F. [1908] Note [28]
HR 170

\(\aleph_{1}\le 2^{\aleph_{0}}\).

Bernstein, F. [1908] Banaschewski, B. [1990]
HR 171

If \((P,\le)\) is a partial order such that \(P\) is the denumerable union of finite sets and all antichains in \(P\) are finite then for each denumerable family \({\cal D}\) of dense sets there is a \({\cal D}\) generic filter.

Shannon, G.P. [1990] Note [47]
HR 172

For every infinite set \(S\), if \(S\) is hereditarily countable  (that is, every \(y\in TC(S)\) is countable) then \(|TC(S)|= \aleph_{0}\).

Jech, T. [1982]
HR 173

\(MPL\): Metric spaces are para-Lindelöf.

Howard, P. [2000a] Note [141]
HR 174-alpha

\(RM1,\aleph_{\alpha }\): The representation theorem for multi-algebras with \(\aleph_{\alpha }\) unary operations:  Assume \((A,F)\) is  a  multi-algebra  with \(\aleph_{\alpha }\) unary operations (and no other operations). Then  there  is  an  algebra \((B,G)\)  with \(\aleph_{\alpha }\) unary operations and an equivalence relation \(E\) on \(B\) such that \((B/E,G/E)\) and \((A,F)\) are isomorphic multi-algebras.

Howard, P. [1981] Note [50]
HR 175

Transitivity Condition: For all sets \(x\), there is a set \(u\) and a function \(f\) such that \(u\) is transitive and \(f\) is a one to one function from \(x\) onto \(u\).

von Rimscha, M. [1982]
HR 176

Every infinite, locally finite group has an infinite Abelian subgroup. (Locally finite means every finite subset generates a finite subgroup.)

Plotkin, J. M. [1981]
HR 177

An infinite box product of regular \(T_1\) spaces, each of cardinality greater than 1, is neither first countable nor connected.

Knight, C. J. [1964] Brunner, N. [1981a] Note [52]
HR 178-n-N

If  \(n\in\omega\), \(n\ge 2\) and \(N \subseteq \{ 1, 2, \ldots , n-1 \}\), \(N \neq\emptyset\), \(MC(\infty,n, N)\):  If \(X\) is any set of \(n\)-element sets then  there is  a function \(f\) with domain \(X\) such that for all \(A\in X\), \(f(A)\subseteq A\) and \(|f(A)|\in N\).

Zuckerman, M.M. [1969a] Zuckerman, M.M. [1981] Note [53]
HR 179-epsilon

Suppose  \(\epsilon > 0\) is an ordinal. \(\forall x\), \(x\in W(\epsilon\)).

David, R. [1980] Note [25]
HR 180

Every Abelian group has a divisible hull.  (If \(A\) and \(B\)  are groups, \(B\) is a divisible hull of \(A\) means \(B\) is a divisible group, \(A\) is a subgroup of \(B\) and for every non-zero \(b \in  B\), \(\exists  n \in \omega \)  such that \(0\neq nb\in A\).)  Fuchs [1970], Theorem 24.4 p 107.

Hodges, W. [1980] Infinite Abelian groups I, Fuchs, L., 1970 Note [24]
HR 181

\(C(2^{\aleph_0},\infty)\): Every set \(X\) of non-empty sets such that \(|X|=2^{\aleph_0}\) has a choice function.

Freyd, P. [1980]
HR 182

There is an aleph whose cofinality is greater than \(\aleph_{0}\).

Gitik, M. [1980]
HR 183-alpha

There are no \(\aleph_{\alpha}\) minimal  sets.  That is, there are no sets \(X\) such that

  1. \(|X|\) is incomparable with \(\aleph_{\alpha}\)
  2. \(\aleph_{\beta}<|X|\) for every \(\beta < \alpha \) and
  3. \(\forall Y\subseteq X, |Y|<\aleph_{\alpha}\) or \(|X-Y| <\aleph_{\alpha}\).

Hickman, J.L. [1980b] Note [56]
HR 184

Existence of a double uniformization: For all \(X\) and \(Y\), for all \(E\subseteq X\times Y\), if there is an infinite cardinal \(\kappa\) satisfying:

  1. \(\forall y_0\in Y\), \(|\{(x,y_0): x\in X\}\cap E| =\kappa\) and
  2. \(\forall x_0\in X\), \(|\{(x_0,y): y\in Y\}\cap E| = \kappa\),
then \(\exists U\subseteq E\) such that for all \((x,y)\in E, \exists !z\in X\) such that \((z,y)\in U\) and \(\exists !z\in Y\) such that \((x,z)\in U\). (\(U\) is called a double uniformization of \(E\).)

Kaniewski, J. [1980]
HR 185

Every linearly ordered Dedekind finite set is finite.

Hickman, J.L. [1979a] Note [94]
HR 186

Every pair of cardinal numbers has a least upper bound (in the usual cardinal ordering.)

Hickman, J.L. [1979b]
HR 187

Every pair of cardinal numbers has a greatest lower bound (in the usual cardinal ordering.)

Hickman, J.L. [1979b]
HR 188

\(EP\ Ab\): For every Abelian group \(A\) there is a projective Abelian group \(G\) and a homomorphism from \(G\) onto \(A\).

Blass, A. [1979] Note [60]
HR 189

\(EI\ Ab\): For every Abelian group \(A\) there is an injective Abelian group \(G\) and a one to one homomorphism from \(A\) into \(G\).

Note [60]
HR 190

There is a non-trivial injective Abelian group.

Blass, A. [1979] Note [60]
HR 191

\(SVC\): There is a set \(S\) such that for every set \(a\), there is an ordinal \(\alpha\) and a function from \(S\times\alpha\) onto \(a\).

HR 192

\(EP\) sets: For every set \(A\) there is a projective set \(X\) and a function from \(X\) onto \(A\).

Note [60]
HR 193

\(EFP\ Ab\): Every Abelian group is a homomorphic image of a free projective Abelian group.

Note [60]
HR 194

\(C(\varPi^1_2)\) or \(AC(\varPi^1_2)\): If \(P\in \omega\times{}^{\omega}\omega\), \(P\) has domain \(\omega\), and \(P\) is in \(\varPi^1_2\), then there is a sequence of elements \(\langle x_{k}: k\in\omega\rangle\) of \({}^{\omega}\omega\) with \(\langle k,x_{k}\rangle \in P\) for all \(k\in\omega\). Kanovei [1979].

Note [61]
HR 195

Every general linear system has a linear global reaction.

Kharazishvili, A. B. [1979] Note [62]
HR 196-alpha

\(\aleph_{\alpha}\) and \(\aleph_{\alpha+1}\) are not both measurable.

Bull, E. L. [1978] Note [20]
HR 197

\({\Bbb R}^{2}\) is the union of three sets \(C\) with the property that for all \(x\in C\) there is a straight line \(L\) such that \(L\cap C = \{x\}\).

Davies, R. O. [1978]
HR 198

For every set \(S\), if the only linearly orderable subsets of \(S\) are the finite subsets of \(S\), then either \(S\) is finite or \(S\) has an amorphous subset.

Hickman, J.L. [1978b] Note [57]
HR 199(\(n\))

(For \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\)) If all \(\varSigma^{1}_{n}\), Dedekind finite subsets of \({}^{\omega }\omega\) are finite, then all \(\varPi^1_n\) Dedekind finite subsets of \({}^{\omega} \omega\) are finite.

Kanovei, V.G. [1978] Note [57] Note [61]
HR 200

For all infinite \(x\), \(|2^{x}| = |x!|\).

Dawson, J. W. [1976] Note [64]
HR 201

Linking Axiom for Boolean Algebras: Every Boolean algebra has a maximal linked system. (\(L\subseteq B\) is linked if \(a\wedge b\neq 0\) for all \(a\) and \(b \in L\).)

Schrijver, A. [1978]
HR 202

\(C(LO,\infty)\): Every linearly ordered family of non-empty sets has  a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1978]
HR 203

\(C\)(disjoint,\(\subseteq\Bbb R)\): Every partition of \({\cal P}(\omega)\) into non-empty subsets has a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1978]
HR 204

For every infinite \(X\), there is a function from \(X\) onto \(2X\).

Truss, J. K. [1978]
HR 205

For all cardinals \(m\) and \(n\), if \(m\le^* n\) and \(\neg (n\le^* m)\) then there is a cardinal \(k \le n\) such that \(m\le^* k\).

Pelc, A. [1978] Note [69]
HR 206

The existence of a non-principal ultrafilter: There exists an infinite set \(X\) and a non-principal ultrafilter on \(X\).

Blass, A. [1977b]
HR 207-alpha

\(UT(\aleph_{\alpha },\aleph_{\alpha}, <2^{\aleph_{\alpha }})\): The union of \(\aleph_{\alpha}\) sets each of cardinality \(\aleph_{\alpha}\) has cardinality less than \(2^{\aleph_{\alpha}}\).

Figura, Adam [1977]
HR 208

For all ordinals \(\alpha\), \(\aleph_{\alpha+1}\le 2^{\aleph_\alpha}\).

Figura, Adam [1977]
HR 209

There is an ordinal \(\alpha\) such that for all \(X\), if \(X\) is a denumerable union of denumerable sets then \({\cal P}(X)\) cannot be partitioned into \(\aleph_{\alpha}\) non-empty sets.

Morris, D.B. [1970]
HR 210

The commutator subgroup of a free group is free.

Lauchli, H. [1962]
HR 211

\(DCR\): Dependent choice for relations on \(\Bbb R\): If \(R\subseteq\Bbb R\times\Bbb R\) satisfies \((\forall x\in \Bbb R)(\exists y\in\Bbb R)(x\mathrel R y)\) then there is a sequence \(\langle x(n): n\in\omega\rangle\) of real numbers such that \((\forall n\in\omega)(x(n)\mathrel R x(n+1))\).

Mathias, A.R.D. [1977a]
HR 212

\(C(2^{\aleph_{0}},\subseteq{\Bbb R})\): If \(R\) is a relation on \({\Bbb R}\) such that for all \(x\in{\Bbb R}\), there is a \(y\in{\Bbb R}\) such that \(x\mathrel R y\), then there is a function \(f: {\Bbb R} \rightarrow{\Bbb R}\) such that for all \(x\in{\Bbb R}\), \(x\mathrel R f(x)\).

HR 213

\(C(\infty,\aleph_{1})\): If \((\forall y\in X)(|y| = \aleph_{1})\) then \(X\) has a choice function.

Pincus, D. [1977a]
HR 214

\(Z(\omega)\): For every family \(A\) of infinite sets, there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(y\in A\), \(f(y)\) is a non-empty subset of \(y\) and \(|f(y)|=\aleph_{0}\).

Pincus, D. [1977a]
HR 215

If \((\forall y\subseteq X)(y\) can be linearly ordered implies \(y\) is finite), then \(X\) is finite.

Pincus, D. [1972a]
HR 216

Every infinite tree has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain.

Pincus, D. [1972a] Note [21]
HR 217

Every infinite partially ordered set has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain.

Pincus, D. [1972a] Note [39]
HR 218

\((\forall n\in\omega - \{0\}) MC(\infty,\infty \), relatively prime to \(n\)): \(\forall n\in\omega -\{0\}\), if \(X\) is a set of non-empty sets, then  there  is  a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a non-empty, finite subset of \(x\) and \(|f(x)|\) is relatively prime to \(n\).

Bleicher, M. [1965]
HR 219

\((\forall n\in\omega-\{0\}) MC(\infty,WO\), relatively prime to \(n\)): For all non-zero \(n\in \omega\), if \(X\) is a set of non-empty well orderable sets, then there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a non-empty, finite subset of \(x\), and \(|f(x)|\) is relatively prime to \(n\).

Pincus, D. [1972a]
HR 220-p

Suppose \(p\in\omega\) and \(p\) is a prime. Any two elementary Abelian \(p\)-groups (all non-trivial elements have order \(p\)) of the same cardinality are isomorphic.

Hickman, J.L. [1977b]
HR 221

For all infinite \(X\), there is a non-principal measure on \(\cal P(X)\).

Solovay, R.M. [1977] Note [147]
HR 222

There is a non-principal measure on \(\cal P(\omega)\).

Solovay, R.M. [1977] Note [147]
HR 223

There is an infinite set \(X\) and a non-principal measure on \(\cal P(X)\).

Solovay, R.M. [1977] Note [147]
HR 224

There is a partition of the real line into \(\aleph_1\) Borel sets \(\{B_\alpha: \alpha<\aleph_1\}\) such that for some \(\beta <\aleph_1\), \(\forall\alpha <\aleph_1\), \(B_{\alpha}\in G_{\beta}\). (\(G_\beta\) for \(\beta < \aleph_1\) is defined by induction, \(G_0=\{A: A\) is an open subset of \({\Bbb R}\}\) and for \(\beta > 0\),

  • \(G_\beta =\left\{\bigcup^\infty_{i=0}A_{i}: (\forall i\in\omega) (\exists\xi <\beta)(A_i\in G_\xi)\,\right\}\) if \(\beta\) is even and
  • \(G_\beta = \left\{\bigcap^\infty_{i=0}A_{i}: (\forall i\in\omega) (\exists \xi < \beta)(A_{i}\in G_\xi)\,\right\}\) if \(\beta\) is odd.)

Stern, J. [1979]
HR 225

Every proper filter on \(\omega\) can be extended to an ultrafilter.

Rav, Y. [1977]
HR 226

Let \(R\) be a commutative ring with identity, \(B\) a proper subring containing 1 and \(q\) a prime ideal in \(B\). Then there is a subring \(A\) of \(R\) and a prime ideal \(p\) in \(A\) such that

  1. \(B\subseteq A\)
  2. \(q = B\cap p\)
  3. \(R - p\) is multiplicatively closed and
  4. if \(A\neq R\),
then \(R - A\) is multiplicatively closed.

Rav, Y. [1977]
HR 227

For all groups \(G\), if every finite subgroup of \(G\) can be fully ordered then \(G\) can be fully ordered.

Rav, Y. [1977] Note [79]
HR 228

Every torsion free Abelian group can be fully ordered.

Rav, Y. [1977] Note [79]
HR 229

If \((G,\circ,\le)\) is a partially ordered group, then \(\le\) can be extended to a linear order on \(G\) if and only if for every finite set \(\{a_{1},\ldots, a_{n}\}\subseteq G\), with \(a_{i}\neq\) the identity for \(i = 1\) to \(n\), the signs \(\epsilon_{1}, \ldots,\epsilon_{n}\) (\(\epsilon_{i} = \pm 1\)) can be chosen so that \(P\cap S(a^{\epsilon_{1}}_{1},\ldots,a^{\epsilon_{n}}_{n})=\emptyset\) (where \(S(b_{1},\ldots,b_{n})\) is the normal sub-semi-group of \(G\) generated by \(b_{1},\ldots, b_{n}\) and \(P = \{g\in G: e\le g\}\) where \(e\) is the identity of \(G\).)

Rav, Y. [1977]
HR 230

\(L^{1} = HOD\).

Szczepaniak, Z. [1977] Note [82]
HR 231

\(UT(WO,WO,WO)\): The union of a well ordered collection of well orderable sets is well orderable.

Tsukada, N. [1977]
HR 232

Every metric space \((X,d)\) has a \(\sigma\)-point finite base.

Howard, P. [2000a] Note [141]
HR 233

Artin-Schreier theorem: If a field has an algebraic closure it is unique up to isomorphism.

Mathias, A.R.D. [1977b]
HR 234

There is a non-Ramsey set: There is a set \(A\) of infinite subsets of \(\omega\) such that for every infinite subset \(N\) of \(\omega\), \(N\) has a subset which is in \(A\) and a subset which is not in \(A\).

Prikry, K. [1976] Mathias, A.R.D. [1968]
HR 235

If \(V\) is a vector space and \(B_{1}\) and \(B_{2}\) are bases for \(V\) then \(|B_{1}|\) and \(|B_{2}|\) are comparable.

Gross, W. F. [1976]
HR 236

If \(V\) is a vector space with a basis and \(S\) is a linearly independent subset of \(V\) such that no proper extension of \(S\) is a basis for \(V\), then \(S\) is a basis for \(V\).

Gross, W. F. [1975] Gross, W. F. [1976]
HR 237

The order of any group is divisible by the order of any of its subgroups, (i.e., if \(H\) is a subgroup of \(G\) then there is a set \(A\) such that \(|H\times A| = |G|\).)

Hickman, J.L. [1976]
HR 238

Every elementary Abelian group (that is, for some prime \(p\) every non identity element has order \(p\)) is the direct sum of cyclic subgroups.

Hickman, J.L. [1976]
HR 239

AL20(\(\mathbb Q\)):  Every vector \(V\) space over \(\mathbb Q\) has the property that every linearly independent subset of \(V\) can be extended to a basis. Rubin, H./Rubin, J. [1985], p.119, AL20.

Bleicher, M. [1964]
HR 240

If a group \(G\) satisfies "every ascending chain of subgroups is finite", then every subgroup of \(G\) is finitely generated.

Hickman, J.L. [1976]
HR 241

Every algebraic closure of \(\Bbb Q\) has a real closed subfield.

Hodges, W. [1976a] Lauchli, H. [1962] Note [84]
HR 242

There is, up to an isomorphism, at most one algebraic closure of \({\Bbb Q}\).

Hodges, W. [1976a] Lauchli, H. [1962] Note [84]
HR 243

Every  principal ideal domain is a unique factorization domain.

Hodges, W. [1976a] Note [84]
HR 244

Every principal ideal domain has a maximal ideal.

Hodges, W. [1976a] Note [84]
HR 245

There is a function \(f :\omega_1\rightarrow \omega^{\omega}_1\) such that for every \(\alpha\), \(0 < \alpha < \omega_1\), \(f(\alpha )\) is a function from \(\omega\) onto \(\alpha\).

Litman, A. [1976]
HR 246

The monadic theory theory \(MT(\omega_1,<)\) of \(\omega_1\) is recursive.  \ac{Litman} \cite{1976} and note 85.

Litman, A. [1976] Note [85]
HR 247

Every atomless Boolean algebra is Dedekind infinite.  \ac{Plotkin} \cite{1976}, notes 86 and 94.

Plotkin, J. M. [1976]
HR 248

For any \(\kappa\), \(\kappa\) is the cardinal number of an infinite complete Boolean algebra if and only if \(\kappa^{\aleph_0} = \kappa \).

Plotkin, J. M. [1976] Note [86]
HR 249

If \(T\) is an infinite tree in which every element has exactly 2 immediate successors then \(T\) has an infinite branch.

Truss, J. K. [1975] Note [87] Note [21]
HR 250

\((\forall n\in\omega-\{0,1\})(C(WO,n))\): For every natural number \(n\ge 2\), every well ordered family of \(n\) element sets has a choice function.

Truss, J. K. [1975]
HR 251

The additive groups \(({\Bbb R},+)\) and \(({\Bbb C},+)\) are  isomorphic.

Ash, C. J. [1975]
HR 252

The additive groups of \(\Bbb Q\oplus\Bbb R\) and \(\Bbb R\) are isomorphic.

Ash, C. J. [1975]
HR 253

\L o\'s' Theorem: If \(M=\langle A,R_j\rangle_{j\in J}\) is a relational system, \(X\) any set and \({\cal F}\) an ultrafilter in \({\cal P}(X)\), then \(M\) and \(M^{X}/{\cal F}\) are elementarily equivalent.

Howard, P. [1975]
HR 254

\(Z(D,R,l)\): Every directed relation \((P,R)\) in which ramified subsets have least upper bounds, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 255

\(Z(D,R)\): Every directed relation \((P,R)\) in which every ramified subset \(A\) has an upper bound, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 256

\(Z(P,F)\): Every partially ordered set \((X,R)\) in which every forest \(A\) has an upper bound, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 257

\(Z(TR,P)\): Every transitive relation \((X,R)\) in which  every partially ordered subset has an upper bound, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 258

\(Z(D,L)\): Every directed relation \((X,R)\) in which linearly ordered subsets have upper bounds, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 259

\(Z(TR\&C,W)\): If \((X,R)\) is a transitive and connected relation in which every well ordered subset has an upper bound, then \((X,R)\) has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 260

\(Z(TR\&C,P)\): If \((X,R)\) is a transitive and connected relation in which every partially ordered subset has an upper bound, then \((X,R)\) has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 261

\(Z(TR,T)\): Every transitive relation \((X,R)\) in which every subset which is a tree has an upper bound, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 262

\(Z(TR,R)\): Every transitive relation \((X,R)\) in which every ramified subset \(A\) has an upper bound, has a maximal element.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 263

\(H(AS\&C,P)\): Every every relation \((X,R)\) which is antisymmetric and connected contains a \(\subseteq\)-maximal partially ordered subset.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 264

\(H(C,P)\): Every connected relation \((X,R)\) contains a \(\subseteq\)-maximal partially ordered set.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 265

\(H(A,TR)\): Every relation \((X,R)\) contains a \(\subseteq\)-maximal transitive subset.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 266

\(H(AS,P)\): Every antisymmetric relation contains \(\subseteq\)-maximal partially ordered subset.

Harper, J. [1976] Note [39]
HR 267

There is no infinite, free complete Boolean algebra.

Stavi, J. [1975] Note [89]
HR 268

If \({\cal L}\)  is  a  lattice  isomorphic  to the  lattice  of subalgebras of some unary universal algebra (a unary universal algebra is one with only unary or nullary operations) and \(\alpha \) is an automorphism of \({\cal L}\) of order 2 (that is, \(\alpha ^{2}\)  is  the  identity) then there is a unary algebra \(\frak A\)  and an isomorphism \(\rho \) from \({\cal L}\) onto the lattice of subalgebras of \(\frak A^{2}\) with \[\rho(\alpha(x))=(\rho(x))^{-1} (= \{(s,t) : (t,s)\in\rho(x)\})\] for all \(x\in  {\cal L}\).

Lampe, W. A. [1974]
HR 269

For every cardinal \(m\), there is a set \(A\) such that \(2^{|A|^2}\ge m\) and there is a choice function on the collection of 2-element subsets of \(A\).

Lampe, W. A. [1974]
HR 270

\(CT_{\hbox{fin}}\): The compactness theorem for propositional logic restricted to sets of formulas in which each variable occurs only in a finite number of formulas.

Kolany, A. [1991]
HR 271-n

If \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(CT_{n}\): The compactness theorem for propositional logic restricted to sets of formulas in which each variable occurs in at most \(n\) formulas.

Kolany, A. [1991]
HR 272

There is an \(X\subseteq{\Bbb R}\) such that neither \(X\) nor \(\Bbb R - X\) has a perfect subset.

Truss, J. K. [1974b] Note [28]
HR 273

There is a subset of \({\Bbb R}\) which is not Borel.

Truss, J. K. [1974b]
HR 274

There is a cardinal number \(x\) and an \(n\in\omega\) such that \(\neg(x\) adj\(^n\, x^2)\). (The expression ``\(x\) adj\(^n\, ya\)" means there are cardinals \(z_0,\ldots, z_n\) such that \(z_0 = x\) and \(z_n = y\) and for all \(i,\ 0\le i < n,\ z_i< z_{i+1}\) and if  \(z_i < z\le z_{i+1}\), then \(z = z_{i+1}.)\) (Compare with [0 A]).

Truss, J. K. [1974b]
HR 275

The sequence of cardinals \(\langle\aleph_n: n \in\omega\rangle\) has a unique minimal upper bound.

Truss, J. K. [1974b]
HR 276

\(E(V'',III)\): For every set \(A\), \({\cal P}(A)\) is Dedekind finite if and only if \(A = \emptyset\)  or \(2|{\cal P}(A)| > |{\cal P}(A)|\). \ac{Howard/Spi\u siak} \cite{1994}.

Note [94]
HR 277

\(E(D,VII)\): Every non-well-orderable cardinal is decomposable.

Monro, G.P. [1973a] Note [94]
HR 278

In an integral domain \(R\), if every ideal is finitely generated then \(R\) has a maximal proper ideal. note 45 E.

Hodges, W. [1974] Note [45]
HR 279

The Closed Graph Theorem for operations between Fréchet Spaces: Suppose \(X\) and \(Y\) are Fréchet spaces, \(T:X\to Y\) is linear and \(G=\{(x,Tx): x \in X \}\) is closed in \(X\times Y\). Then \(T\) is continuous. Rudin [1991] p. 51.

Wright, J.D.M. [1973] Functional Analysis (2nd edition), Rudin, W., 1991 Note [96]
HR 280

There is a complete separable metric space with a subset which does not have the Baire property.

Wright, J.D.M. [1973] Note [28]
HR 281

There is a Hilbert space \(H\) and an  unbounded linear operator on \(H\).

Wright, J.D.M. [1973] Note [96]
HR 282

\(\omega\not\to(\omega)^{\omega}\).

Rado, R. [1952] Kleinberg, E.M. [1973] Note [97]
HR 283

Cardinality of well ordered subsets:  For all \(n\in\omega\) and for all infinite \(x\), \(|x^n| < |s(x)|\) where \(s(x)\) is the set of all well orderable subsets of \(x\).

Truss, J. K. [1973d]
HR 284

A system of linear equations over a field \(F\) has a solution in \(F\) if and only if every finite sub-system has a solution in \(F\).

Cowen, R.H. [1996]
HR 285

Let \(E\) be a set and \(f: E\to E\), then \(f\) has a fixed point if and only if \(E\) is not the union of three mutually disjoint sets \(E_1\), \(E_2\) and \(E_3\) such that \(E_i \cap f(E_i) = \emptyset\) for \(i=1, 2, 3\).

Makowski, A. [1969] Abian, A. [1968] Baker, I. N. [1964] Kenyon, H. [1963]
HR 286

Extended Krein-Milman Theorem:  Let K be a quasicompact (sometimes called convex-compact), convex subset of a locally convex topological vector space, then K has an extreme point. H. Rubin/J. Rubin [1985], p. 177-178.

Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985 Note [23]
HR 287

The Hahn-Banach Theorem for Separable Normed Linear Spaces:  Assume \(V\) is a separable normed linear space and \(p :V \to \Bbb R\) satisfies \(p(x+y) \le p(x) + p(y)\) and \((\forall t \ge 0)(\forall x \in V)(p(tx) = tp(x))\) and assume \(f\) is a linear function from a subspace \(S\) of \(V\) into \(\Bbb R\) which satisfies \((\forall x \in S)(f(x) \le p(x))\), then \(f\) can be extended to \(f^* :V \to \Bbb R\) so that \(f^* \) is linear and \((\forall x \in V)(f^*(x) \le p(x))\).

Note [145]
HR 288-n

If \(n\in\omega-\{0,1\}\), \(C(\aleph_0,n)\): Every denumerable set of \(n\)-element sets has a choice function.

Wi'sniewski, K. [1972]
HR 289

If \(S\) is a set of subsets of a countable set and \(S\) is closed under chain unions, then \(S\) has a \(\subseteq\)-maximal element.

Smullyan, Raymond M. [1994] Note [102]
HR 290

For all infinite \(x\), \(|2^x|=|x^x|\).

Pincus, D. [1978] Note [64]
HR 291

For all infinite \(x\), \(|x!|=|x^x|\).

Pincus, D. [1978] Note [64]
HR 292

\(MC(LO,\infty)\): For each linearly ordered family of non-empty sets \(X\), there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\) \(f(x)\) is non-empty, finite subset of \(x\).

Howard, P. [1977]
HR 293

For all sets \(x\) and \(y\), if \(x\) can be linearly ordered and there is a mapping of \(x\) onto \(y\), then \(y\) can be linearly ordered.

HR 294

Every linearly ordered \(W\)-set is well orderable.

Morris, D.B. [1969] Note [25]
HR 295

DO:  Every infinite set has a dense linear ordering.

Gonzalez, C. [1995a]
HR 296

Part-\(\infty\): Every infinite set is the disjoint union of infinitely many infinite sets.

Gonzalez, C. [1995a] Pincus, D. [1997]
HR 297

Extremally disconnected compact Hausdorff spaces are projective in the category of all compact Hausdorff spaces.

Banaschewski, B. [1988] Bell, J.L. [1988] Note [60] Note [114]
HR 298

Every compact Hausdorff space has a Gleason cover.

Bell, J.L. [1988] Gleason, A.M. [1958] Note [114]
HR 299

Any extremally disconnected compact Hausdorff space is projective in the category of Boolean topological spaces.

Bell, J.L. [1988] Note [60] Note [114]
HR 300

Any continuous surjection between extremally disconnected compact Hausdorff spaces has an irreducible restriction to a closed subset of its domain.

Bell, J.L. [1988] Note [114]
HR 301

Any continuous surjection between Boolean spaces has an irreducible restriction to a closed subset of its domain.

Note [114]
HR 302

Any continuous surjection between compact Hausdorff spaces has an irreducible restriction to a closed subset of its domain.

Bell, J.L. [1988] Note [114]
HR 303

If \(B\) is a Boolean algebra, \(S\subseteq B\) and \(S\) is closed under \(\land\), then there is a \(\subseteq\)-maximal proper ideal \(I\) of \(B\) such that \(I\cap S= \{0\}\).

Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985
HR 304

There does not exist a \(T_2\) topological space \(X\) such that every infinite subset of \(X\) contains an infinite compact subset.

Brunner, N. [1985c]
HR 305

There are \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Vitali equivalence classes. (Vitali equivalence classes are equivalence classes of the real numbers under the relation \(x\equiv y\leftrightarrow(\exists q\in{\Bbb Q})(x-y=q)\).). \ac{Kanovei} \cite{1991}.

Kanovei, V.G. [1991]
HR 306

The set of Vitali equivalence classes is linearly orderable. (Vitali equivalence classes are equivalence classes of the real numbers under the relation \(x\equiv y\leftrightarrow (\exists q\in{\Bbb Q})(x-y = q)\).).

Kanovei, V.G. [1991]
HR 307

If \(m\) is the cardinality of the set of Vitali equivalence classes, then \(H(m) = H(2^{\aleph_0})\), where \(H\) is Hartogs aleph function and the {\it Vitali equivalence classes} are equivalence classes of the real numbers under the relation \(x\equiv y\leftrightarrow(\exists q\in {\Bbb Q})(x-y=q)\).

Kanovei, V.G. [1991]
HR 308-p

If \(p\) is a prime and if \(\{G_y: y\in Y\}\) is a set of finite groups, then the weak direct product \(\prod_{y\in Y}G_y\) has a maximal \(p\)-subgroup.

Howard, P. [1987] Note [24]
HR 309

The Banach-Tarski Paradox: There are three finite partitions \(\{P_1,\ldots\), \(P_n\}\), \(\{Q_1,\ldots,Q_r\}\) and \(\{S_1,\ldots,S_n, T_1,\ldots,T_r\}\) of \(B^3 = \{x\in {\Bbb R}^3 : |x| \le 1\}\) such that \(P_i\) is congruent to \(S_i\) for \(1\le i\le n\) and \(Q_i\) is congruent to \(T_i\) for \(1\le i\le r\).

Banach, S. [1924]
HR 310

The Measure Extension Theorem: Suppose that \(\cal A_0\) is a subring (that is, \(a,b \in \cal A_0  \to a\vee b \in \cal A_0\) and \(a-b \in \cal A_0\)) of a Boolean algebra \(\cal A\) and \(\mu\) is a measure on \(\cal A_0\) (that is, \(\mu:\cal A \to [0,\infty]\), \(\mu(a\vee b) =\mu(a)+\mu(b)\) for \(a\land b = 0\), and \(\mu(0) = 0\).) then there is a measure on \(\cal A\) that extends \(\mu\).

The Banach-Tarski Paradox, Wagon, S., 1985
HR 311

Abelian groups are amenable. (\(G\) is amenable if there is a finitely additive measure \(\mu\) on \(\cal P(G)\) such that \(\mu(G)=1\) and \(\forall A\subseteq G, \forall g\in G\), \(\mu(gA)=\mu(A)\).)

The Banach-Tarski Paradox, Wagon, S., 1985
HR 312

A subgroup of an amenable group is amenable. (\(G\) is {\it amenable} if there is a finitely additive measure \(\mu\) on \(\cal P(G)\) such that \(\mu(G) = 1\) and \(\forall A\subseteq G, \forall g \in G\), \(\mu(gA)=\mu(A)\).)

The Banach-Tarski Paradox, Wagon, S., 1985
HR 313

\(\Bbb Z\) (the set of integers under addition) is amenable.  (\(G\) is {\it amenable} if there is a finitely additive measure \(\mu\) on \(\cal P(G)\) such that \(\mu(G) = 1\) and \(\forall A\subseteq G, \forall g\in G\), \(\mu(gA)=\mu(A)\).)

The Banach-Tarski Paradox, Wagon, S., 1985
HR 314

For every set \(X\) and every permutation \(\pi\) on \(X\) there are two reflections \(\rho\) and \(\sigma\) on \(X\) such that \(\pi =\rho\circ\sigma\) and for every \(Y\subseteq X\) if \(\pi[Y]=Y\) then \(\rho[Y]=Y\) and \(\sigma[Y]=Y\).  (A reflection is a permutation \(\phi\) such that \(\phi^2\) is the identity.) \ac{Degen} \cite{1988}, \cite{2000}.

Degen, J.W. [1988]
HR 315

\(\Omega = \omega_1\), where
\(\Omega = \{\alpha\in\hbox{ On}: (\forall\beta\le\alpha)(\beta=0 \vee (\exists\gamma)(\beta=\gamma+1) \vee\)
there is a sequence \(\langle\gamma_n: n\in\omega\rangle\) such that for each \(n\),
\(\gamma_n<\beta\hbox{ and } \beta=\bigcup_{n<\omega}\gamma_n.)\} \)

Gitik, M. [1980]
HR 316

If a linearly ordered set \((A,\le)\) has the fixed point property then \((A,\le)\) is complete. (\((A,\le)\)  has the fixed point property if every function \(f:A\to A\) satisfying \((x\le y \Rightarrow f(x)\le f(y))\) has a fixed point, and (\((A,\le)\) is complete if every subset of \(A\) has a least upper bound.)

Howard, P. [1994]
HR 317

Weak Sikorski Theorem:  If \(B\) is a complete, well orderable Boolean algebra and \(f\) is a homomorphism of the Boolean algebra \(A'\) into \(B\) where \(A'\) is a subalgebra of the Boolean algebra \(A\), then \(f\) can be extended to a homomorphism of \(A\) into \(B\).

Howard, P. [1973]
HR 318

\(\aleph_1\) is not measurable.

Jech, T. [1968a] Note [20]
HR 319

Measurable cardinals are inaccessible.

Set Theory, An Introduction to Large Cardinals, Drake, F., 1974 Note [20]
HR 320

No successor cardinal, \(\aleph_{\alpha+1}\), is measurable.

Set Theory, An Introduction to Large Cardinals, Drake, F., 1974 Note [20]
HR 321

There does not exist an ordinal \(\alpha\) such that \(\aleph_{\alpha}\) is weakly compact and \(\aleph_{\alpha+1}\) is measurable.

Bull, E. L. [1978] Note [20]
HR 322

\(KW(WO,\infty)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a well ordered family of sets: For every  well ordered set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).  (See Form 15).

Kinna, W. [1955] Brunner, N. [1982a]
HR 323

\(KW(\infty,WO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a family of well orderable sets: For every set \(M\) of well orderable sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).  (See Form 15.)

Howard, P. [1997]
HR 324

\(KW(WO,WO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a well ordered family of well orderable sets: For every well ordered set \(M\) of well orderable sets, there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\). (See Form 15.)

Howard, P. [1997]
HR 325

Ramsey's Theorem II: \(\forall n,m\in\omega\), if A is an infinite set and the family of all \(m\) element subsets of \(A\) is partitioned into \(n\) sets \(S_{j}, 1\le j\le n\), then there is an infinite subset \(B\subseteq A\) such that all \(m\) element subsets of \(B\) belong to the same \(S_{j}\). (Also, see Form 17.)

Ramsey, Frank [1929]
HR 326

2-SAT:  Restricted Compactness Theorem for Propositional Logic III:   If \(\Sigma\) is a set of formulas in a propositional language such that every finite subset of \(\Sigma\) is satisfiable and if every formula in \(\Sigma\) is a disjunction of at most two literals, then \(\Sigma\) is satisfiable. (A literal is a propositional variable or its negation.) Wojtylak [1999] (listed as Wojtylak [1995])

HR 327

\(KW(WO,<\aleph_0)\),  The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a well ordered family of finite sets: For every well ordered set \(M\) of finite sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\)  then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\). (See Form 15.)

Howard, P. [1997]
HR 328

\(MC(WO,\infty)\): For  every well ordered set \(X\) such that for all \(x\in X\), \(|x|\ge 1\), there is a function \(f\) such that and for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\). (See Form 67.)

Howard, P. [1997]
HR 329

\(MC(\infty,WO)\): For  every set \(M\) of well orderable sets such that for all \(x\in X\), \(|x|\ge 1\), there is a function \(f\) such that for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\).  (See Form 67.)

Howard, P. [1997]
HR 330

\(MC(WO,WO)\): For every well ordered set \(X\) of well orderable sets such that for all \(x\in X\), \(|x|\ge 1\), there is a function \(f\) such that for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\).  (See Form 67.)

Howard, P. [1997]
HR 331

If \((X_i)_{i\in I}\) is a family of compact non-empty topological spaces then there is a family \((F_i)_{i\in I}\) such that \(\forall i\in I\), \(F_i\) is an irreducible closed subset of \(X_i\).

Morillon, M. [1988] Note [71]
HR 332  

A product of non-empty compact sober topological spaces is non-empty.

Morillon, M. [1988] Note [71]
HR 333

\(MC(\infty,\infty,\mathrm{odd})\): For every set \(X\) of  sets such that for all \(x\in X\), \(|x|\ge 1\), there is a function \(f\) such that  for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\) and \(|f(x)|\) is odd.

Keremedis, K. [1996a]
HR 334

\(MC(\infty,\infty,\hbox{ even})\): For every set \(X\) of  sets such that for all \(x\in X\), \(|x|\ge 2\), there is a function \(f\) such that  for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\) and \(|f(x)|\) is even.

Keremedis, K. [1996a]
HR 335-n

Every quotient group of an Abelian group each of whose elements has order  \(\le n\) has a set of representatives.

Keremedis, K. [1996b]
HR 336-n

(For \(n\in\omega\), \(n\ge 2\).)  For every infinite set \(X\), there is an infinite \(Y \subseteq X\) such that the set of all \(n\)-element subsets of \(Y\) has a choice function.

Note [111]
HR 337

\(C(WO\), uniformly linearly ordered):  If \(X\) is a well ordered collection of non-empty sets and there is a function \(f\) defined on \(X\) such that for every \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a linear ordering of \(x\), then there is a choice function for \(X\).

Howard, P. [2000a]
HR 338

\(UT(\aleph_0,\aleph_0,WO)\): The union of a denumerable number of denumerable sets is well orderable.

Note [4]
HR 339

Martin's Axiom \((\aleph_{0})\): Whenever \((P\le)\) is a non-empty, ccc  quasi-order (ccc means every anti-chain is countable) and \({\cal D}\) is a family of \(\le\aleph_0\) dense subsets of \(P\), then there is a \({\cal D}\) generic filter \(G\) in \(P\).

Shannon, G.P. [1990] Set Theory. An Introduction to Independence Proofs, Kunen, K., 1980 Note [47]
HR 340

Every Lindelöf metric space is separable.

Good, C. [1995]
HR 341

Every Lindelöf metric space is second countable.

Good, C. [1995]
HR 342-n

(For \(n\in\omega\), \(n\ge 2\).) \(PC(\infty,n,\infty)\):  Every infinite family of \(n\)-element sets has an infinite subfamily with a choice function. (See Form 166.)

Note [111]
HR 343

A product of non-empty, compact \(T_2\) topological spaces is non-empty.

Morillon, M. [1988]
HR 344

If \((E_i)_{i\in I}\) is a family of non-empty sets, then there is a family \((U_i)_{i\in I}\) such that \(\forall i\in I\), \(U_i\) is an ultrafilter on \(E_i\).

Morillon, M. [1988]
HR 345

Rasiowa-Sikorski Axiom:  If \((B,\land,\lor)\) is a Boolean algebra, \(a\) is a non-zero element of \(B\), and \(\{X_n: n\in\omega\}\) is a denumerable set of subsets of \(B\) then there is a maximal filter \(F\) of \(B\) such that \(a\in F\) and for each \(n\in\omega\), if \(X_n\subseteq F\) and \(\bigwedge X_n\) exists then \(\bigwedge X_n \in F\).

Sikorski, R. [1950] Morillon, M. [1988]
HR 346

If \(V\) is a vector space without a finite basis then \(V\) contains an infinite, well ordered, linearly independent subset.

Keremedis, K. [2001a]
HR 347

Idemmultiple Partition Principle: If \(y\) is idemmultiple (\(2\times y\approx y\)) and \(x\precsim ^* y\), then \(x\precsim y\).

Higasikawa, M. [1995] Note [69]
HR 348

If \(G\) is a group and \(X\) and \(Y\) both freely generate \(G\) then \(|X| = |Y|\).

Federer, H. [1950] Howard, P. [1985]
HR 349

\(MC(\infty,\aleph_0)\): For every set \(X\) of non-empty denumerable sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\).

HR 350

\(MC(\aleph_0,\aleph_0)\): For every denumerable set \(X\) of non-empty denumerable sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\), \(f(x)\) is a finite, non-empty subset of \(x\).

Keremedis, K. [1996b] Note [132]
HR 351

A countable product of metrizable spaces is metrizable.

Keremedis, K. [1996b] Note [132]
HR 352

A countable product of second countable spaces is second countable.

Keremedis, K. [1996b] Note [132]
HR 353

A countable product of first countable spaces is first countable.

Keremedis, K. [1996b] Note [132]
HR 354

A countable product of separable \(T_2\) spaces is separable.

Keremedis, K. [1996b] Note [132]
HR 355

\(KW(\aleph_0,\infty)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a denumerable family of sets: For every denumerable set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 356

  \(KW(\infty,\aleph_0)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a family of denumerable sets: For every set \(M\) of denumerable sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\)  then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 357

\(KW(\aleph_0,\aleph_0)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a denumerable family of denumerable sets: For every denumerable set \(M\) of denumerable sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 358

\(KW(\aleph_0,<\aleph_0)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a denumerable family of finite sets: For every denumerable set \(M\) of finite sets there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A| > 1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 359

If \(\{A_{x}: x\in S\}\) and \(\{B_{x}: x\in S\}\) are families  of pairwise disjoint sets and \( |A_{x}| \le |B_{x}|\) for all \(x\in S\), then \(|\bigcup_{x\in S}A_{x}| \le |\bigcup_{x\in S} B_{x}|\).

Higasikawa, M. [1995]
HR 360

A system of linear equations over the field \(\{0,1\}\) has a solution, if and only if every finite subsystem has a solution. Brunner [2001]

HR 361

In \(\Bbb R\), the union of a denumerable number of analytic sets is analytic. G. Moore [1982], pp 181 and 325.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 362

In \(\Bbb R\), every Borel set is analytic. G. Moore [1982], pp 181 and 325.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 363

There are exactly \(2^{\aleph_0}\) Borel sets in \(\Bbb R\). G. Moore [1982], p 325.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 364

In \(\Bbb R\), there is a measurable set that is not Borel.  G. Moore [1982], p 325.

Zermelo's Axiom of Choice, Moore, G.H., 1982
HR 365

For every uncountable set \(A\), if \(A\) has the same cardinality as each of its uncountable subsets then \(|A| = \aleph_1\).

Sierpi'nski, W. [1918]
HR 366

There is a discontinuous function \(f: \Bbb R \to\Bbb R\) such that for all real \(x\) and \(y\), \(f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)\).

Hamel, G. [1905]
HR 367

There is a Hamel basis for \(\Bbb R\) as a vector space over \(\Bbb Q\).

Hamel, G. [1905]
HR 368

The set of all denumerable subsets of \(\Bbb R\) has power \(2^{\aleph_0}\).

Sierpi'nski, W. [1917]
HR 369

If \(\Bbb R\) is partitioned into two sets, at least one of them has cardinality \(2^{\aleph_0}\).

Luzin, N. [1917]
HR 370

Weak Gelfand Extreme Point Theorem: If \(A\) is a non-trivial Gelfand algebra then the closed unit ball in the dual of \(A\) has an extreme point \(e\).  Morillon [1986].

Note [23] Note [29]
HR 371

There is an infinite, compact, Hausdorff, extremally disconnected topological space.  Morillon [1993].

Note [114]
HR 372

Generalized Hahn-Banach Theorem:  Assume that \(X\) is a real vector space, \((Z,\preccurlyeq)\) is a Dedekind complete ordered vector space and \(X_0\) is a subspace of \(X\).  If \(\lambda_0 : X_0 \to Z\) is linear and \(p: X\to Z\) is sublinear and if \(\lambda_0 \preccurlyeq p\) on \(X_0\) then \(\lambda_0\) can be extended to a linear map \(\lambda : X\to Z\) such that \(\lambda \preccurlyeq p\) on \(X\). \ac{Schechter} \cite{1996b}

Note [31]
HR 373-n

(For \(n\in\omega\), \(n\ge 2\).) \(PC(\aleph_0,n,\infty)\): Every denumerable set of \(n\)-element sets has an infinite subset with a choice function.

HR 374-n

\(UT(\aleph_0,n,\aleph_0)\) for \(n\in\omega -\{0,1\}\): The union of a denumerable set of \(n\)-element sets is denumerable.

HR 375

Tietze-Urysohn Extension Theorem: If \((X,T)\) is a normal topological space, \(A\) is closed in \(X\), and \(f: A\to [0,1]\) is continuous, then there exists a continuous function \(g: X\to [0,1]\) which extends \(f\).

Urysohn, P. [1924]
HR 376

Restricted Kinna Wagner Principle:  For every infinite set \(X\) there is an infinite subset \(Y\) of \(X\) and a function \(f\) such that for every \(z\subseteq Y\), if \(|z| \ge 2\) then \(f(z)\) is a non-empty proper subset of \(z\).

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 377

Restricted Ordering Principle:  For every infinite set \(X\) there is an infinite subset \(Y\) of \(X\) such that \(Y\) can be linearly ordered.

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 378

Restricted Choice for Families of Well Ordered Sets:  For every infinite set \(X\) there is an infinite subset \(Y\) of \(X\) such that the family of non-empty well orderable subsets of \(Y\) has a choice function.

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 379

\(PKW(\infty,\infty,\infty)\): For every infinite family \(X\) of sets each of which has at least two elements, there is an infinite subfamily \(Y\) of \(X\) and a function \(f\) such that for all \(y\in Y\), \(f(y)\) is a non-empty proper subset of \(y\).

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 380

\(PC(\infty,WO,\infty)\):  For every infinite family of non-empty well orderable sets, there is an infinite subfamily \(Y\) of \(X\) which has a choice function.

De la Cruz, O. [1998a]
HR 381

DUM:  The disjoint union of metrizable spaces is metrizable.

Howard, P. [1998b]
HR 382

DUMN:  The disjoint union of metrizable spaces is normal.

Howard, P. [1998b]
HR 384

Closed Filter Extendability for \(T_1\) Spaces: Every closed filter in a \(T_1\) topological space can be extended to a maximal closed filter.

Herrlich, H. [1997] Note [10]
HR 385

Countable Ultrafilter Theorem:  Every proper filter with a countable base over a set \(S\) (in \({\cal P}(S)\)) can be extended to an ultrafilter.

Herrlich, H. [1999a]
HR 386

Every B compact (pseudo)metric space is Baire.

Herrlich, H. [1999a] Note [6] Note [10] Note [28]
HR 387

DPO:  Every infinite set has a non-trivial, dense partial order.  (A partial ordering \(<\) on a set \(X\) is dense if \((\forall x, y\in X)(x \lt y \to (\exists z \in X)(x \lt z \lt y))\) and is non-trivial if \((\exists x,y\in X)(x \lt y)\)).

Gonzalez, C. [1995a]
HR 388

Every infinite branching poset (a partially ordered set in which each element has at least two lower bounds) has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain.

Herrlich, H. [1999a]
HR 389

\(C(\aleph_0,2,\cal P({\Bbb R}))\): Every denumerable family of two element subsets of \(\cal P({\Bbb R})\) has a choice function.  \ac{Keremedis} \cite{1999b}.

HR 390

Every infinite set can be partitioned either into two infinite sets or infinitely many sets, each of which has at least two elements. Ash [1983].

Howard, P. [1989]
HR 391

\(C(\infty,LO)\): Every set of non-empty linearly orderable sets has a choice function.

HR 392

\(C(LO,LO)\): Every linearly ordered set of linearly orderable sets has a choice function.

HR 393

\(C(LO,WO)\): Every linearly ordered set of non-empty well orderable sets has a choice function.

HR 394

\(C(WO,LO)\): Every well ordered set of non-empty linearly orderable sets has a choice function.

HR 395

\(MC(LO,LO)\): For each linearly ordered family of non-empty linearly orderable sets \(X\), there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\) \(f(x)\) is a non-empty, finite subset of \(x\).

HR 396

\(MC(LO,WO)\): For each linearly ordered family of non-empty well orderable sets \(X\), there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\) \(f(x)\) is a non-empty, finite subset of \(x\).

HR 397

\(MC(WO,LO)\): For each well ordered family of non-empty linearly orderable sets \(X\), there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(x\in X\) \(f(x)\) is a non-empty, finite subset of \(x\).

HR 398

\(KW(LO,\infty)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a linearly ordered family of sets: For every linearly ordered set \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 399

\(KW(\infty,LO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a set of linearly orderable sets: For every set of linearly orderable sets \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 400

\(KW(LO,LO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a linearly ordered set of linearly orderable sets: For every linearly ordered set of linearly orderable sets \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 401

\(KW(LO,<\aleph_0)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a linearly ordered set of finite sets: For every linearly ordered set of finite sets \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 402

\(KW(WO,LO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a well ordered set of linearly orderable sets: For every well ordered set of linearly orderable sets \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 403

\(KW(LO,WO)\), The Kinna-Wagner Selection Principle for a linearly ordered set of well orderable sets: For every linearly ordered set of well orderable sets \(M\) there is a function \(f\) such that for all \(A\in M\), if \(|A|>1\) then \(\emptyset\neq f(A)\subsetneq A\).

HR 404

Every infinite set can be partitioned into infinitely many sets, each of which has at least two elements. Ash [1983].

Howard, P. [1989]
HR 405

Every infinite set can be partitioned into sets each of which is countable and has at least two elements.

HR 406

The product of compact Hausdorf spaces is countably compact. Alas [1994].

HR 407

Let \(B\) be a Boolean algebra, \(b\) a non-zero element of \(B\) and \(\{A_i: i\in\omega\}\) a sequence of subsets of \(B\) such that for each \(i\in\omega\), \(A_i\) has a supremum \(a_i\). Then there exists an ultrafilter \(D\) in \(B\) such that \(b\in D\) and, for each \(i\in\omega\), if \(a_i\in D\), then \(D\cap\ A_i\neq\emptyset\).

Bacsich, P. D. [1972b]
HR 408

If \(\{f_i: i\in I\}\) is a family of functions such that for each \(i\in I\), \(f_i\subseteq E\times W\), where \(E\) and \(W\) are non-empty sets, and \(\cal B\) is a filter base on \(I\) such that

  1. For all \(B\in\cal B\) and all finite \(F\subseteq E\) there is an \(i\in I\) such that \(f_i\) is defined on \(F\), and
  2. For all \(B \in\cal B\) and all finite \(F\subseteq E\) there exist at most finitely many functions on \(F\) which are restrictions of the functions \(f_i\) with \(i\in I\),  
then there is a function \(f\) with domain \(E\) such that for each finite \(F\subseteq E\) and each \(B\in\cal B\) there is an \(i\in I\) such that \(f|F = f_i|F\).

Felscher, W. [1964]
HR 409

Suppose \((G,\Gamma)\) is a locally finite graph (i.e. \(G\) is a non-empty set and \(\Gamma\) is a function from \(G\) to \(\cal P(G)\) such that for each \(x\in G\), \(\Gamma(x)\) and \(\Gamma^{-1}\{x\}\) are finite), \(K\) is a finite set of integers, and \(T\) is a function mapping subsets of \(K\) into subsets of \(K\). If for each finite subgraph \((A,\Gamma_A)\) there is a function \(\psi\) such that for each \(x\in A\), \(\psi(x)\in T(\psi[\Gamma_A(x)])\), then there is a function \(\phi\) such that for all \(x\in G\), \(\phi(x)\in T(\phi[\Gamma(x)])\).

Foster, B. L. [1964]
HR 410

RC (Reflexive Compactness): The closed unit ball of a reflexive normed space is compact for the weak topology.

Morillon, M. [2000] Note [23]
HR 411

RCuc (Reflexive Compactness for uniformly convex Banach spaces): The closed unit ball of a uniformly convex Banach space is compact for the weak topology.

Morillon, M. [2000] Note [23]
HR 412

RCh (Reflexive Compactness for Hilbert spaces): The closed unit ball of a Hilbert space is compact for the weak topology.

Morillon, M. [2000] Note [23]
HR 413

Every infinite set \(S\) is the union of a set, well-ordered by inclusion, of subsets which are non-equipollent to \(S\).  

Ern'e, M. [2001] Note [154]
HR 414

Every \(\cal W\)-frame is a \(\cal D\)-frame.  \ac{Ern\'e} \cite{2000}

Note [154]
HR 415

Every \(\cal W\)-compactly generated complete lattice is algebraic.  \ac{Ern\'e} \cite{2000}.

Note [154]
HR 416

Every non-compact topological space \(S\) is the union of a set that is well-ordered by inclusion and consists of open proper subsets of \(S\).

Ern'e, M. [2001] Note [154]
HR 417

On every non-trivial Banach space there is a non-trivial linear functional (bounded or unbounded).

Vath, M. [2001]
HR 418

DUM(\(\aleph_0\)): The countable disjoint union of metrizable spaces is metrizable.

Hall, E. [2002A]
HR 419

UT(\(\aleph_0\),cuf,cuf): The union of a denumerable set of cuf sets is cuf. (A set is cuf if it is a countable union of finite sets.)

Hall, E. [2002A]
HR 420

\(UT(\aleph_0\),\(\aleph_0\),cuf): The union of a denumerable set of denumerable sets is cuf.

Hall, E. [2002A]
HR 421   \(UT(\aleph_0,WO,WO)\): The union of a denumerable set of well orderable sets can be well ordered.
HR 422-n

\(UT(WO,n,WO)\), \(n\in \omega-\{0,1\}\): The union of a well ordered set of \(n\) element sets can be well ordered.

HR 423

\(\forall n\in \omega-\{o,1\}\), \(C(\aleph_0, n)\) : For every \(n\in  \omega - \{0,1\}\), every denumerable set of \(n\) element sets has a choice function.

HR 424  Every Lindel\"{o}f metric space is super second countable.  \ac{Gutierres} \cite{2004} and note 159. \iput{super second countable}
HR 425  For every first countable topological space \((X, \Cal T)\) there is a family \((\Cal D(x))_{x \in X}\) such that \(\forall x \in X\), \(D(x)\) countable local base at \(x\).  \ac{Gutierres} \cite{2004} and note 159.
HR 426

If \((X,\cal T) \) is a first countable topological space and \((\cal B(x))_{x\in X}\) is a family such that for all \(x \in X\), \(\cal B(x)\) is a local base at \(x\), then there is a family \(( \cal V(x))_{x\in X}\) such that for every \(x \in X\), \(\cal V(x)\) is a countable local base at \(x\) and \(\cal V(x) \subseteq \cal B(x)\).

Gutierres, G [2004] Note [159]
HR 427 \(\exists F\) AL20(\(F\)): There is a field \(F\) such that every vector space \(V\) over \(F\) has the property that every independent subset of \(V\) can be extended to a basis.  \ac{Bleicher} \cite{1964}, \ac{Rubin, H.\/Rubin, J \cite{1985, p.119, AL20}.
HR 428 \(\exists F\) B\((F)\):  There is a field \(F\) such that every vector space over \(F\) has a basis. \ac{Bleicher} \cite{1964}, \ac{Rubin, H.\/Rubin, J \cite{1985, p.119, B}.
HR 429-p (Where \(p\) is a prime) B: Every vector space over \(\mathbb Z_p\) has a basis.  (\(\mathbb Z_p\) is the \(p\) element field.) \ac{Bleicher} \cite{1964}, \ac{Rubin, H.\/Rubin, J \cite{1985, p.119, B}.
HR 430-p

(Where \(p\) is a prime) \(AL21\)\((p)\): Every vector space over \(\mathbb Z_p\) has the property that for every subspace \(S\) of \(V\), there is a subspace \(S'\) of \(V\) such that \(S \cap S' = \{ 0 \}\) and \(S \cup S'\) generates \(V\) in other words such that \(V = S \oplus S'\).   Rubin, H./Rubin, J [1985], p.119, AL21.

Bleicher, M. [1964] Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice II, Rubin, J., 1985
HR 431 DUSS The disjoint union of a denumerable family of separable topological spaces is separable.
HR 432 DUCC If \(X\) is a denumerable family of disjoint topological spaces each having the ccc property, then the disjoint union of the spaces in (X) has the ccc property.' (\(Y\) has the ccc property if every collection of disjoint open sets is countable.)
HR 433 DUSC The disjoint union of a denumerable family of second countable topological spaces is second countable.
HR 434 SCDUL The denumerable disjoint union of second countable spaces is Lindelöf
HR 435 FCSB Every separable first countable space \((X,T)\) has a denumerable \(\pi\)-base.

New Form equivalence class